How to Use a Hurricane Tracking Chart

A popular activity during hurricane  season is to track the path and progress of tropical storms and hurricanes. Known as hurricane tracking, its a creative way to teach hurricane awareness, learn about storm intensities, and to create and keep your own hurricane records from season to season. Materials Needed: Access to the latest tropical storm and hurricane forecastsA hurricane tracking map/chartA pencilAn eraserColored pencils (blue, light blue, green, yellow, red, pink, magenta, purple, white)A ruler (not required) Getting Started: Monitor the National Hurricane Center for current tropical cyclone activity. Once an invest develops into a tropical depression, subtropical depression, or stronger, its time to start tracking it.Plot the storms first position.To do this, find its geographic coordinates (latitude and longitude). (The positive () number, or the one followed by the letter N, is latitude; the negative (-) number, or the one followed by the letter W, is longitude.) Once you have the coordinates, move your pencil along the right edge of the chart to locate the latitude. Using a ruler to guide your hand in a straight line, move your pencil across horizontally from this point until you find the longitude. Draw a very small circle at the point where the latitude and longitude meet.Label the storm by either writing its name next to the first plot point, or drawing a small box and writing the storm number inside.Continue to track the storm by plotting its position twice daily, at 12 UTC and 00 UTC. Dots repres enting the 00 UTC  position should be filled in. Dots representing the 12 UTC position should be left unfilled.Label each 12 UTC plot point with the calendar day (i.e., 7 for the 7th).Use the Hurricane Tracking Chart key (at the bottom of the page) and your colored pencils to connect the dots with the appropriate colors and/or patterns.When the storm dissipates, write its name or storm number (like in step #3 above) next to its final plot point.(Optional) You may also want to label the storms minimum pressure. (This tells where the storm was at its strongest.) Find the minimum pressure value and the date and time it occurred. Write this value next to the corresponding section of the storm track, then draw an arrow between them.Follow steps 1-8 for all storms forming during the season. If you miss a storm, visit one of these sites for past hurricane data: National Hurricane Center Tropical Cyclone Advisory ArchiveAn archive of advisories and storm summary information. (Click on the storm name, then choose the 00 and 12 UTC public advisories. Storm location and wind speed/intensity will be listed under the summary section at top of the page.) Unisys Weather Tropical Advisory Archive 404An archive of tropical cyclone products, advisories, and bulletins from season years 2005-present. (Scroll through the index to choose the desired date and time. Click on the corresponding file link.) Need an Example? To see a finished map with storms already plotted, check out the NHCs Past Track Seasonal Maps. Hurricane Tracking Chart Key Line Color Storm Type Pressure (mb) Wind (mph) Wind (knots) Blue Subtropical Depression -- 38 or less 33 or less Light Blue Subtropical Storm -- 39-73 34-63 Green Tropical Depression (TD) -- 38 or less 33 or less Yellow Tropical Storm (TS) 980 + 39-73 34-63 Red Hurricane (Cat 1) 980 or less 74-95 64-82 Pink Hurricane (Cat 2) 965-980 96-110 83-95 Magenta Major Hurricane (Cat 3) 945-965 111-129 96-112 Purple Major Hurricane (Cat 4) 920-945 130-156 113-136 White Major Hurricane (Cat 5) 920 or less 157 + 137 + Green dashed (- - -) Wave/Low/Disturbance -- -- -- Black hatched (+++) Extratropical Cyclone -- -- --

American Culture Between The 1920 S - 2083 Words

Ever since Thomas Edison invented the Kinetiscope in 1894, films have been reaching its way to the heart of American culture. Since the roaring twenties, where the United States began to see the first movie theaters to the 1960’s, where films are officially a source of leisure and escape from reality. Films influenced American culture between the 1920’s through 1960’s by becoming an increasingly popular form of leisure for years to come while causing scandals, riots, and movements about films or about the idea of films in general by displaying issues in society such as racism, forming a need for censorship laws. Films have also provided a fantasy world for their audiences by showing a film about someone in their perfect life using ethical†¦show more content†¦An example of a talkie is the film, â€Å"Bright Eyes.† In 1934, Shirley Temple starred in the film as a young girl who lost her father to a plane crash. The film is a comedy, yet audiences w ere able to relate to the young girl as she finds her way through custody battles and more (Document 3). This was also the beginning of movie theaters. Movie theaters began to take the streets between 1900-1920, where people would pay between five to seven cents to watch around an hour and a half film (Document 1). There were a variety of ways to watch films, such as drive-in movie theaters. In drive-in movie theaters, the viewer would drive into a lot with a big screen and watch the film from their car. However, these were very popular in the 1950’s as apposed to the roaring twenties (Document 6). By 1920, such men had been replaced by teams of specialists. Another significant change was the relocation of the industry from the east coast of the United States to Hollywood, a suburb of Los Angeles in southern California. A third important trend was the emergence of several film studios that came to dominate production and distribution during the interwar era. By 1930, the str uctures and formulae of modern commercial motion pictures had been

Jericho Free Essays

Jericho is a Palestinian city located near the Jordan River in the West Bank. It lies at latitude 31 52 degrees north and longitude 35 39 degrees east and is 250 metres below sea level. Jericho is one of the most ancient human habitations. We will write a custom essay sample on Jericho or any similar topic only for you Order Now Bartlett (1982) suggests the most ancient human remains were found in it, some of which go back to 5000 years B. C. Bartlett also believes some settlements date back to 9000 years B. C. The Ancient city was occupied by Jordan from 1948 to 1967 (Bartlett, 1982). Over centuries communities became abandoned and new settlements set up. Hunters were attracted to this location because of the abundant water sources nearby. Aqueducts and other irrigation systems were built early on, making the city an agricultural center. By 8000 BC, about 2,000 people had permanently settled near present-day Jericho (Metzger and Coogan, 1993). Jericho was an important city in the Old Testament. The city was overtaken and devastated several times. However, it was always reoccupied — sometimes quickly and other times very slowly. Herod the Great, Cleopatra, and Augustus are some of the mighty rulers that once took claim of some or all of Jericho. Many Galileans would travel through the Jordan valley and go by Jericho on their route to Jerusalem. By taking this course, they could avoid passing through Samaritan territory (Metzger and Coogan, 1993). Jericho later fell to the Babylonians, but was rebuilt when the Jews were allowed to return from their exile. The city continued to be a resort during the rule of the succeeding empires. For Christians, Jericho took on importance because of its association with John the Baptist, who was said to have been baptised by the banks of the Jordan on the eastern boundary of the city. The Romans destroyed the old city in the first century, but it was rebuilt in its present location by the Byzantines. The city briefly returned to glory when Caliph Hisham Ibn Abd el-Malik built his winter palace in Jericho in 743, but an earthquake destroyed virtually the entire city just four years later. The city later fell to the Crusaders and then was recaptured by Saladin. Jericho was largely ignored and deserted for centuries afterward. The economy of this time was in a transition from one of gathering food, to an economy of producing food. The earliest inhabitants are known as the An -Natifiyyun. These people relied on gathering wild seeds for food. It is unlikely that they planted these seeds, but rather harvested them using tools. These tools included scythes with flint edges and straight bone handles. They used stone mortars with handles to grind the seeds. Some of the An-Natifiyyun lived in nearby caves. Others lived in primitive villages, excelling in architecture. Over the course of time, they learned how to make sun-dried bricks, and began to build more substantial dwellings. These dwellings were round huts, constructed from flat-bottomed bricks, which curved at the higher edge. Canals were dug from ancient Jericho to the nearby Ein Al-Sultan spring. These canals provided ample supplies of water for residential use. As their economy progressed, they used these canals to irrigate their fields. They constructed walls 6. 56 feet (2m) in width to surround and enclose their villages. Within these walls they erected a massive tower, (9m) in diameter, and (10m) in height. Today Jericho is often referred to as the oldest city on earth, with a history of over ten thousand years. This ancient city is located in the region of Canaan at the lower end of the Jordan valley about eight miles north of the Dead Sea. Hunters were attracted to this location because of the abundant water sources nearby. Aqueducts and other irrigation systems were built early on, making the city an agricultural center. By 8000 BC, about 2,000 people had permanently settled near present-day Jericho Jericho was an important city in the Old Testament. The city was overtaken and devastated several times. However, it was always reoccupied — sometimes quickly and other times very slowly. The city of Jericho, now identified with Tel es-Sultan, is thought by some archaeologists to be as much as 11,000 years old, making it one of the oldest sites of human settlement in the world. The earliest evidence of human occupation is a Mesolithic shrine and there is evidence one city build overtop of another for several millennia. The most prominent features of ancient Jericho would have been the large, high walls. It is the oldest walled city in human history and walls remain a significant aspect of archaeological digs. Jericho had stonewalls by 7,000 BCE, even before the invention of pottery. The first walls at Jericho were built during the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) period, indicating that violence and conflict were important parts of Jericho’s history for a very long time. The first permanent settlement was built near the Ein as-Sultan spring between 10,000 and 9000 BC. As the world warmed, a new culture based on agriculture and sedentary dwelling emerged, which archaeologists called â€Å"Pre-Pottery Neolithic A† which were characterized by small circular dwellings, burials of the dead within the floors of buildings, reliance on hunting wild game, the cultivation of wild or domestic cereals, and no use of pottery. At Jericho, circular dwellings were built of clay and straw bricks left to dry in the sun, which were plastered together with a mud mortar. Each house measured about 5 metres across, and was roofed with mud-smeared brush. Hearths were located within and outside the homes. During the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B, settlement-phase the architecture consisted of rectilinear buildings made of mudbricks on stone foundations. The mudbricks were loaf-shaped with deep thumb prints to facilitate bounding. No building has been excavated in its entirety. Normally, several rooms cluster around a central courtyard. There is one big room ( with internal divisions, the rest are small, presumably used for storage. The rooms have red or pinkish terrazzo-floors made of lime. Some impressions of mats made of reeds or rushes have been preserved. The courtyards have clay floors. The dead were buried under the floors or in the rubble fill of abandoned buildings. There are several collective burials. Not all the skeletons are completely articulated, which may point to a time of exposure before burial. A skull cache would contained seven skulls. The jaws were removed and the faces covered with plaster; cowries were used as eyes. As new settlements arose they began to encourage the growth of plants such as barley and lentils and the domestication of pigs, sheep and goats. People no longer looked for their favorite food sources where they occurred naturally. Now they introduced them into other locations. An agricultural revolution had begun. The ability to expand the food supply in one area allowed the development of permanent settlements of greater size and complexity. The people of the Neolithic or New Stone Age (8000-5000 B. C. ) organized fairly large villages. Jericho grew into a fortified town complete with ditches, stone walls, and towers and contained perhaps 2000 residents. Although agriculture resulted in a stable food supply for permanent communities, the revolutionary aspect of this development was that the community could bring what they needed (natural resources plus their tool kit) to make a new site inhabitable. This development made it possible to create larger communities and also helped to spread the practice of agriculture to a wider area. The presence of tools and statues made of stone not available locally indicates that there was also some trading with distant regions. Agricultural society brought changes in the organization of religious practices as well. Sanctuary rooms decorated with frescoes and sculptures of the heads of bulls and bears shows us that structured religious rites were important to the inhabitants of these early communities. At Jericho, human skulls were covered with clay in an attempt to make them look as they had in life suggesting that they practiced a form of ancestor worship. Bonds of kinship that had united hunters and gatherers were being supplemented by religious organization, which helped to regulate the social behavior of the community. Because it is one of the oldest human settlements and perhaps the oldest walled city in history, archaeological excavations at Jericho provide invaluable information about how people lived and died thousands of years ago. Numerous tombs, furniture, pottery, and beads have been discovered. Politically, Palestine was a collection of independent city states at this time, with each city under the control of one King. The presence of massive defense walls suggests that these independent city-state Kings frequently attacked each other. The walls of Jericho from this time attest to that theory. Over the course of a 600 year period, beginning around 2900 B. C. E. , the walls of Jericho were rebuilt sixteen times. Invaders are not the only cause of this, as earthquakes, water in the foundations, and other natural causes played a role in the constant maintenance of the city defense structures. Most people know about Jericho in connection with the biblical stories of how the Hebrews conquered Canaan. Under the leadership of Joshua, they marched around the city seven times and God caused the walls to collapse as stated in the bible. Jericho is a religious city that has withstood the test of invasion, destruction, and time. How to cite Jericho, Papers

How should Shylock be regarded as a victim, a villain or something else Essay Example For Students

How should Shylock be regarded: as a victim, a villain or something else Essay Shylock is one of the main protagonists in Shakespeares The merchant of Venice. He plays an important role in the story as it is he who first lends Antonio money and the story spiralled from there. Throughout the story there are many occasions where Shylocks actions make him seem to be a villain but there are also occasions where he seems to be a Victim. Shylocks character was wholly based upon a stereotypical Jew but this was not necessarily how Jews actually were. In the times when Shakespeare wrote this play there were not many Jews in England. This meant that Shakespeare would have had to of created Shylock from what others said Jewish people were like, from word of mouth. This helps to understand why shylock is mainly portrayed as a villain because in Shakespeares times Jews did not have a very good reputation. England was a very Christian country and Jewish beliefs were thought to be wrong and were scorned upon. This is probably why Shylock was portrayed as the bad man, Shakespeare would probably not have known a Jewish person and so created the character on what Jews were rumoured to be like. Shakespeare does, however, manage to make Shylock a very realistic character; he gives him feelings and sometimes shows that shylock can be a victim. In the 16th centaury usury (lending money whilst charging interest) was thought to be wrong. It was thought to be wrong by Christians because through it people made money without working for it, Christians thought that you had to earn money not just be given it. This gave Jews a very bad reputation because they were usually the people who used usury to make a living. Shylock was no exception, he used usury and had quite a good life because of it but by doing this he brought a bad reputation upon himself. This reputation preceded him and would have made it almost impossible to be respected by Christians. Christians thought Shylock was wrong to do this and so he was thought by them to be a villain. Really he was just doing what he could to earn a living. This leads me to believe that the Christians were treating Shylock wrong and here he was a victim. When Shylock lent money to Antonio he did not charge interest on the loan but he did set up a bond. The bond was that Antonio had to pay back the 3000 duckets within 3 months or Shylock would be able to have one pound of Antonios flesh. This bond may sound like a joke but Shylock was deadly serious. Generous he may have been not to charge interest but there was a more sinister side to the bond. When setting up the bond Shylock was taking a long shot at trying to kill and get revenge on Antonio. In the past Antonio had treated Shylock with no respect at all: You call me misbeliever, cut-throat, dog, And spit upon my Jewish gaberdine, Here it shows how mean Antonio had been to Shylock. This treatment makes Shylock hate Antonio and all Christians. However it seems that this is not the only reason why Shylock hates Antonio: I hate him for he is a Christian, But more for that in low simplicity He lends out money gratis and brings down The rate of usance here with us in Venice. This shows that shylock is incredibly greedy; he hates Antonio because he gives out loans without charging interest thus reducing Shylocks business. This shows what Shylock values in life, his money and business were his two main concerns. These two facts make Shylock seek revenge and here he shows his true intentions when lending the money: If I can catch him once upon the hip, I will feed fat the ancient grudge I bear him. By saying this it really shows that Shylock wanted to take a long shot at getting Antonio, he knew there was only a remote chance of his plan working but because of his pure hatred for Antonio he was willing to take the chance. .ue20f6796ffee3c3e6f3b0862c15f8f3b , .ue20f6796ffee3c3e6f3b0862c15f8f3b .postImageUrl , .ue20f6796ffee3c3e6f3b0862c15f8f3b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue20f6796ffee3c3e6f3b0862c15f8f3b , .ue20f6796ffee3c3e6f3b0862c15f8f3b:hover , .ue20f6796ffee3c3e6f3b0862c15f8f3b:visited , .ue20f6796ffee3c3e6f3b0862c15f8f3b:active { border:0!important; } .ue20f6796ffee3c3e6f3b0862c15f8f3b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue20f6796ffee3c3e6f3b0862c15f8f3b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue20f6796ffee3c3e6f3b0862c15f8f3b:active , .ue20f6796ffee3c3e6f3b0862c15f8f3b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue20f6796ffee3c3e6f3b0862c15f8f3b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue20f6796ffee3c3e6f3b0862c15f8f3b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue20f6796ffee3c3e6f3b0862c15f8f3b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue20f6796ffee3c3e6f3b0862c15f8f3b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue20f6796ffee3c3e6f3b0862c15f8f3b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue20f6796ffee3c3e6f3b0862c15f8f3b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue20f6796ffee3c3e6f3b0862c15f8f3b .ue20f6796ffee3c3e6f3b0862c15f8f3b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue20f6796ffee3c3e6f3b0862c15f8f3b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Why is Act I Scene V of Romeo and Juliet an effective piece of drama? How is this an important scene in the drama as a whole? EssayThis plot is clearly revealed to the audience watching or reading the play, it immediately makes Shylock seam to be a villain or the evil conspirer in the play. Shakespeare deliberately makes Shylock seem to be the nasty character, he may have done this because he didnt like Jews and wanted to mock them but he also cleverly gives Shylock at least one none biased reason for hating Antonio. He looks at both sides of the culture clash and shows that Christians could be evil as well. This particular conspiracy was not the only plot shylock tried to use. In the court, as the situation was starting to look bleak for him, shylock tried to use blackmail to persuade the court onto his side. He did this by threatening to damage the name of Venices justice system: And by our holy Sabbath have I sworn To have the due and forfeit of my bond. If you deny it, let the danger light Upon your charter and your citys freedom. This is definitely blackmail, he is basically saying that if he didnt get what he wanted then he would tell many people outside Venice that it is corrupt and the law is worthless. This would have been a big problem for Venice as their trading would be affected and so it was a substantial threat. In the end the threat did not do Shylock any good as the lawyer representing Antonio was excellent and in the end the threats were forgotten as more serious claims were brought against Shylock. Shylocks strict Jewish Faith and beliefs stopped him from socialising with Christians but it also pushed others away. Here I am referring to his daughter Jessica. Throughout her life she had her fathers beliefs enforced on her and she didnt have a choice in religion. He treated her with no real respect and completely took her for granted. All of this drove Jessica away from her father; she did not care for Jewish ways but, at first, went along with it to please her father. She later fell in love with a Christian called Lancelot. Even dating a Christian was strictly forbidden by the Jewish faith and so she was strictly breaking the rules. She decided that shed had enough and that want to live with her father. She loved Lancelot, so she ran away with him. This alone would have been enough to break Shylocks heart but when leaving Jessica also stole a large amount of Shylocks jewels and money. When Shylock found out about Jessicas actions he was outraged and made some very negative and characterising comments: I would my daughter were dead at my foot, and the jewels in her ear! Would she were hearsed at my foot and the ducats in her coffin! This shows how much he cared for his daughter; he would not care if she was dead as long as he had his jewels. This also shows how much of a miser he was; he valued his wealth above all else. This could just have been said in the heat of the moment; Shylock was very shocked and disgraced after having heard about what his daughter did and might have said things that he did not mean. The way that Shylock treated his daughter was not right, he did not give her any freedom and took her very much for granted but he paid for this severely by loosing both Jessica and his valuables. Throughout the story Shylock was always the outsider and was portrayed as an alien. In the trial scene Shylock was not called Shylock very often but was usually referred to as simply The Jew. Today this kind of discrimination would be regarded as racism and would seem very unjust. However, shylocks situation was very different. The out casting was probably because of his strict Jewish faith and he brought it upon himself. One example of this kind of behaviour from shylock was when Antonio invited him to eat with him and Shylock refused the offer very rudely: I will not eat with you, drink with you, nor pray with you Statements like this made Shylock an alien, he created most of his enemies through his own actions. If he had been kinder and had tried harder to blend in more, to get on with people regardless of their religious background then the Christians may have been kinder towards him and maybe would have treated him better. .u235a9d97d0e2bf322070cd9ae00380a4 , .u235a9d97d0e2bf322070cd9ae00380a4 .postImageUrl , .u235a9d97d0e2bf322070cd9ae00380a4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u235a9d97d0e2bf322070cd9ae00380a4 , .u235a9d97d0e2bf322070cd9ae00380a4:hover , .u235a9d97d0e2bf322070cd9ae00380a4:visited , .u235a9d97d0e2bf322070cd9ae00380a4:active { border:0!important; } .u235a9d97d0e2bf322070cd9ae00380a4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u235a9d97d0e2bf322070cd9ae00380a4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u235a9d97d0e2bf322070cd9ae00380a4:active , .u235a9d97d0e2bf322070cd9ae00380a4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u235a9d97d0e2bf322070cd9ae00380a4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u235a9d97d0e2bf322070cd9ae00380a4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u235a9d97d0e2bf322070cd9ae00380a4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u235a9d97d0e2bf322070cd9ae00380a4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u235a9d97d0e2bf322070cd9ae00380a4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u235a9d97d0e2bf322070cd9ae00380a4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u235a9d97d0e2bf322070cd9ae00380a4 .u235a9d97d0e2bf322070cd9ae00380a4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u235a9d97d0e2bf322070cd9ae00380a4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: An Inspector Calls Report EssayIn the court Shylock did not come out with the outcome he wanted, in fact he got nearly the exact opposite to what he wanted. Antonios lawyer (Portia) was very good and managed to prove to the court that Shylock wanted to kill Antonio. This then led to Shylock receiving none of his bond and other punishments. These punishments were very harsh, they were that firstly Shylock would have to give half of his wealth to Antonio, the other half had to be given to his daughter and Lancelot when Shylock died and the worst punishment of all was that he had to become a Christian. These punishments hit Shylock hard, his faith which he had devoted his life to had to be changed, he had to give his wealth to his enemy and to his daughter who betrayed him. I think that the punishments were a bit to harsh but I can also see that Shylock brought it upon himself. If he had not so relentlessly sought after getting Antonio then he probably would not have had any of the punishments. Overall I believe that Shylock is both a victim and a villain. He is more of a villain though, he would not have been a victim in any case if he had not been so stubborn, arrogant and unkind in the first place. In some places the Christians might have been unkind but in most Shylock brought what he got upon himself, it was his own doing. The punishments in all cases were very harsh but as said before he did bring it all upon himself. I believe that he got more than he deserved for what he did but cannot give him any sympathy because it was his own fault.

Economic Crime In Russia Essays - Crime, Property Crimes

Economic Crime In Russia In Russia, where bureaucratic markets have been legalized, power and influence is highly monopolized, even by socialist standards. Liberalization and privatization of prices and trade have led to a cutthroat battle for redistribution of and control over property, resources, and allocation channels, and also have fed economic crime. Types of Wrongdoing Economic crime is hardly a new phenomenon. As long as people have exchanged goods, they have cheated. With the rapid development of technology and communications and the explosive increase in financial interactions between people in the second part of the twentieth century, economic crime has become a highly diversified and fast-growing industry. It is impossible to point to crimes that are specific to countries currently in transition, but some particular crimes flourish in transition, some could not be committed during socialism, and others decline when reforms begin. Illegal economic activities can be grouped in the following broad categories: Corruptionabusing power related to a particular job or position to gain unlawfully wealth or influence. Fraudfinancial gain obtained through loopholes in regulations, manipulation, or exploitation of public or personal trust (smuggling, illegal operations with hard currency, falsified bankruptcies, forgery, falsified credits, illegal capital flight, and so on). Theft and extortion (racket)direct (physical) intervention of criminals; expropriation of property or the property rights of others. Tax evasion. This category is beyond the scope of the this aticle. (Russia's tax police in the first half of 1996 uncovered about 12,000 cases of evasion resulting in 3,100 criminal cases, raising 13 trillion rubles for state coffers, and lodged penalties that will bring in another 9.3 trillion rubles, Interfax News Agency reported. Compared with previous years, the numbers reveal a change in government policies on tax evasion. During 1994 only 1,500 tax offenses were filed in court, of which only 20 cases were considered as criminal and only 10 saw sentences pronounced. In 1995, of 4,229 tax evasion cases, 1,611 were considered criminal and 312 evaders were sent to court.) There is a crucial difference between the second economy and economic crime. The second economy is a productive sector guilty of one main crimetax evasion; economic crime is only a redistributor of wealth. Crime Then and Now In the Soviet Union theft of socialist property, corruption, and illegal hard currency operations were the major economic crimes. Large-scale theft of socialist property and massive fraud involving hard currency could be, and were, punished by death. (William A. Clark analyzed trials of Soviet government officials and enterprise managers charged with economic crimes, as reported by the Soviet press between 1965 and 1990. Of the 849 officials tried, about 500 received jail sentences, with an average of eleven years jail for embezzling public property and eight for bribery. Thirty-two persons were sentenced to be executed.) In 1994, particularly, the Russian public discovered how much damage can be done by investment fraud and pyramids. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union new business rules, including the opportunity to establish limited liability companies, have opened a wide gate for fraud and other market type economic, white-collar crimes. Crime has become a highly profitable business in Russia. From an international perspective, the Russian criminal economy is extremely efficient. The sudden explosion of economic crimes has caught the Russian public and the government off guard. According to some estimates, the 1994 worldwide average per capita income from economic crime reached $100. The corresponding figure for Russia, however, was $130, assuming 38.4 trillion rubles in annual crime-related income (box 1). In Ukraine revenue from the infamous black economy reached $1.3 billion in 1994, or only $25.20 per capita. A high degree of the criminality in the transition economies was brought about by the privatization and marketization processes. These crimes are not specific to transition economies but rather are related to the process of redistributing property rights. In Great Britain, for example, the Thatcherite promotion of popular capitalism during the 1980s distributed shares of denationalized industries to a large number of first-time investors. Despite the best intentions of policymakers and special legislation to protect investors (absent in Russia when privatization started), many small investors were tricked into selling their shares at unfairly low prices to those who flocked to London to take advantage of the new, deregulated

The Landlady by Roald Dahl Essays

The Landlady by Roald Dahl Essays The Landlady by Roald Dahl Paper The Landlady by Roald Dahl Paper Essay Topic: Literature The story of The Landlady by Roald Dahl begins with a male character called Billy Weaver. Billy Weaver is a young, aspiring lad. He is only seventeen and has come from London to Bath to find a new exciting life as a worker in the Head Office. He looks for a place to stay and Bath and someone recommends the ‘Bull and Gate’, a pub with a mysterious old landlady†¦ Billy Weaver dreams of being like the workers at the Head Office, with their swift and brisk movements and high success in life, he has even attempted being brisk any movements that he does! The landlady is a mysterious character; she comes across as an old helpless woman who seems like she wouldn’t mind some company. She also owns the Bull and Gate, and enjoys stuffing dead ‘pets’, as she claims, â€Å"I stuff all my little pets myself when they pass away†. Roald Dahl builds up the atmosphere of the story by setting the scene in a normal way but slowly increasing the tension level. Nearer to the beginning of the middle of the story, Roald releases some of Billy’s thoughts about what he thinks about the Bull and Gate, â€Å"Beer and Darts in the evenings and lot’s of people to talk to†. By reading this quote we can see that Billy is social as he likes to meet and talk to new people and also have a round of friendly darts with someone. Roald makes the reader feel like Billy has been sort of, entrapped by a poster, â€Å"Each word was like a large black eye staring at him through the glass†, like it’s a supernatural force of some sort. The landlady also creates a lot of tension; she answers the door at once, â€Å"it must’ve been at once because he hadn’t even had time to take his finger off the doorbell! †, which is unusual as you normally leave about a minute before you answer a door. Also by explaining that she only had a few guests, that coincidently fitted Billy’s description, it shows that she is plotting something against him†¦ ‘The Landlady’ fits in the description of a short story almost perfectly! ‘The Landlady’ isn’t too complex and fits into a simple plot, in a short amount of space. The setting and main story and characters are introduced quite early on in the story so that readers aren’t left hanging and confused or even without a setting as the story doesn’t go on for all too long. It also has the compulsory beginning, middle and end and doesn’t have any prequels or sequels to it. I think that ‘The Landlady’ ties in with the links of a short story very well. I really enjoyed reading ‘The Landlady’ and also hoped for there to be a sequel so that we could find out about all of the gory bits of the story and where she placed Billy’s stuffed body! Although sequels do not tie in with the links of a short story so it wouldn’t have fit in properly. I really enjoyed the plot of the story and never would’ve guessed what the landlady would’ve done! Instead of ruining the surprise and telling you what this mysterious woman did, I’ll let you read The Landlady for yourselves. Enjoy!

Overexercising or Not Exercising Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Overexercising or Not Exercising - Essay Example As a result of it, obesity related health problems are common at present. Exercising is essential for both physical and mental development. It is necessary to burn out the excess calories from our body in order to avoid unwanted fat deposits in our body. These extra fat contents can cause severe physical health problems like high blood pressure, cholesterol, diabetics, cardiac problems etc. â€Å"Regular physical exercise is essential for the well being of an individual’s health. Physical idleness is the most widespread threat factor for heart diseases. Heart disease in men and women can be linked to a lack of physical exercise. Lack of exercise gives rise to a number of physical ailments including obesity† (Lack of exercise) The industrial revolution has contributed lot of inventions which reduce the scope for physical activities. For example, the invention of motor vehicles and the wide use of it for the transportation of people and goods have reduced the physical activities. Walking was the most common mean used for covering short distances earlier which has given the common man the much needed physical exercises. But as per the current trends, vehicles are used to cover even 100 meters of distance. New machineries invented have reduced the physical efforts considerably at home and workplace. For example, in order to prepare land for cultivation earlier people worked hard manually. On the other hand, at present machineries like tractors are used to prepare the land for cultivation which again reduced the opportunity for exercises. In increased influence of media on human life is another reason for lack of exercises in human life at present. The internet and television like mediums has encouraged people to spent more time in front of them and as a result the time normally people used for physical workouts have been robbed by these medias. Earlier,

Literary narrative Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Literary narrative - Essay Example My teacher was less pleased though; she said that I must try harder to trace the letters as they appeared. After some time, I was able to trace all these letters of the alphabet—I was even able to memorize two or three. The time of the day that was my most favorite was just after lunchtime, when it was time for all of us kids to sit on the mat and listen to our teacher sing the ABC song. I quite liked this song—I was even able to hum the tune in my head after not too long. To help us sing along, our teacher would point to each letter on the whiteboard as we spoke each letter. This was really good because I got to know each letter of the alphabet in order. It was, however, a struggle whenever the teacher covered up the alphabet chart and made us sing the ABC song off by heart. If the teacher displayed a card with only a single letter on it, I could rarely guess which letter it was. It helped whenever another kid whispered the correct answer in my ear, yet I was not able to remember many of the letters by myself. After I had finished with kindergarten, I entered the first grade of a local elementary school. It was here that my reading and writing skills really started to improve. The teacher of my first grade class was really kind to me and helped me whenever I was stuck with writing a particular letter. After a few short months, I was able to distinguish between every single letter of the alphabet. My writing was still a little messy, although it was improving with practice. One of the key things that aided my development was the use of alphabet posters in my bedroom. My parents decided that I could learn the alphabet better by having all the letters of the alphabet plastered on my walls. While I was trying to get to sleep, I was able to see the outline of each letter of the alphabet because of the light that was shining into my room. In my sleep, I was able

Answer the question for criminal justice class Term Paper

Answer the question for criminal justice class - Term Paper Example Children were adjudicated quickly just for very minor offences. Examples of the offences included cursing an adult as well as a slap fight in a gym class. These offences did not warrant the children to be sent behind the bars. This juvenile center was more of business oriented while the juvenile center should be a non-profit organization (Ecenbarger 13). The children were also presented before the judge without a legal counsel. This indicates that the judge violated the right to a legal counsel hence another aspect of constitutional violation. It is the responsibility of the government to ensure the rights of every citizen both young and old are protected. There should be laws and directives highlighting the exact offences which warrant a youth to be sent behind bars. These should be formulated by the government. Failure to comply with these directives hence violating the rights of these youths, harsh terms need to be effected on the responsible people. This will keep the evil judges and other people with violations’ intentions from executing their plans. Parents need to take the responsibility of protecting their children from being violated in all means possible especially through academic systems. This is by bringing to book the guys violating the rights of the

Consequences Of Childbearing For Teenagers Social Work Essay

Consequences Of Childbearing For Teenagers Social Work Essay Introduction Public concern over adolescent sexual health and the resolutions to these concerns has over the past three decades generated political debate and academic inquiry the world over. At the core of adolescent sexual health is the issue of teenage pregnancy. South Africa has not been spared from the challenges teenage pregnancy presents. Inquiry into teenage pregnancy in South Africa began in the 1980s. In an effort to control the prevalence of teenage pregnancy, academics and policy makers alike have developed various strategies and policies targeting teenagers. Yet three decades later, teenage pregnancy still remains a topical issue in South Africa. About 16 million adolescent girls between 15 and 19 years give birth each year worldwide, and 80% of these girls are found in developing countries (World Health Organisation, 2010). In South Africa, 40% of all births involve girls under the age of 19 years, and 35% of these teenagers, give birth before reaching the age of 19 years (Medical Research Council, 2009).According to the Department of Basic Education (2009), in South Africa, a total of 45,000 teenagers were pregnant in 2008, while the number increased to 49,000 in 2009. This chapter examines literature on teenage pregnancy, and will assist in providing rationale and context for this study. This literature review will deviate from the traditional Knowledge, Attitude and Perception (KAP) literature studies that isolate individuals from social, cultural and economic contexts that influences and shape their lives. The weakness of KAP studies is that they do not acknowledge the effect of cultural, economic and societal factors on human behavior. Jewkes et al. (2001) add that KAP studies on teenage pregnancy in South Africa have mainly been descriptive and do not make an effort to account for the gap between knowledge, attitude and perception. In effort to account for these discrepancies, and come up with gaps in teenage pregnancy research, this literature review has been divided into the following two sections (i) the consequences of child bearing on teenagers, and (ii) factors contributing to teenage pregnancy. CONSEQUENCES OF CHILDBEARING FOR TEENAGERS The challenge of unplanned and unwanted pregnancy for a teenager has long-term consequences, not only for the mother, but for society as a whole, with far-reaching implications for economic and social development. Mpanza (2010:66) puts forward that teenagers who drop out of school due to pregnancy never do well after they return from childbirth, this can be attributed to divided loyalties between taking care of the child and continuation of school. Because of its usually unwanted and unplanned nature, teenage pregnancy always poses a health and social risk, a point further supported by Edgardh (2000), Genius and Genius (2004), Santelli (2000), and Petiffor et al. (2004). These studies confirm that early sexual initiation is a predictor of risky sexual behaviour and is more likely to be non-consensual, unprotected and to be subsequently regretted, resulting in unplanned and unwanted pregnancy. While the consequences of teenage pregnancy are varied, it is important to acknowledge that teenage pregnancy is a result of a complex set of varied, but interrelated factors. An understanding of these factors will enable a better understanding of the knowledge, attitudes and perceptions of teenagers towards teenage pregnancy. Disruption of school Teenage pregnancy has the potential of limiting a learners future career prospects. For the pregnant learner, impending motherhood forces her to drop out of school as she is unable to continue studying (Macleod Tracey, 2009). Learners are forced to leave school when their pregnancy has progressed as schools are considerate of their state (Bhana Swartz, 2009). The Department of Educations (DoE) 2007 Measures for the Prevention and Management of Learner Pregnancy makes it possible for educators to request learners take a leave of absence for up to two years (Macleod Tracey, 2009:15). Even with legislation in place, pregnant teenagers are sent away from school earlier than they should (ibid). This is probably due to the perception that pregnant learners are a bad influence to other learners. Vagueness and ambiguity of the education guideline presents a challenge to the educators who are left to interpret it at their discretion. For instance, the document puts the responsibility of parenting firmly on the learner, and states that a period of two years may be necessary for this purpose. No learner shall be should be re-admitted in the same year that they left school due to pregnancy (DoE, 2007:5), educators are left to decide how long the learner stays away from school. This ruling may be in conflict with the desires of the young mother who may have sufficient support at home, which enables her to return to school earlier than expected (Bhana Swartz, 2009). Young fathers are also affected by pregnancy, albeit differently. It has been reported that impending fatherhood, cultural and societal expectations may force the young father to leave school and seek employment. This is conditional as it depends on whether the boy accepts responsibility or not (Shefer Morrell, 2012; Bhana Swartz, 2009). However, Macleod and Tracey (2009) argue that the level of disruption caused by pregnancy on learners is debatable as learners drop out of school for various reasons of which teenage pregnancy is one. Preston-Whyte  and Zondi (1992) concur with this assertion. Manzinis (2001) study of teenage pregnancy in KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) indicates that more than 20.6% of pregnant teenagers had already dropped out of school before falling pregnant. Apart from falling pregnant, teenagers may leave school due to frustrations associated with the inexperience of teachers, who often are required to teach in areas that are not their expertise, and a lack of relevance of the curriculum and teaching materials (Human Science Research Council, 2007). Among factors within the home that led to drop-out, learners in this study cited the absence of parents at home, financial difficulties and the need to care for siblings or sick family member. Strassburg et al. (2010) and Fleisch et al. (2010) concur with the 2007 HRSC findings and assert that the reasons teenagers drop out of school are a combination of inter-related factors. As such, Fleisch et al. (2010) note that poverty alone cannot best explain why teenagers drop out of school, because there are other factors such as academic ability of the teenager, teacher-pupil relationship, support from home and school, alcohol and drug abuse and family structure that contribute to school dropout. Lloyd and Mensch (1995:85) summarise the various reasons why teenagers may drop out of school by stating that, Rather than pregnancy causing girls to drop out, the lack of social and economic opportunities for girls and women and the domestic demands placed on them, coupled with the gender inequities of the education system, may result in unsatisfactory school experiences, poor academic performance, and acquiescence in or endorsement of early motherhood. However, pregnancy ranks among the top contributors to school dropout for girls in South Africa (HRSC, 2009). While pregnancy may not be the reason for leaving school, child care is a reason for not returning to school. Manzini (2001) indicates that young mothers, who have to take care of their babies, and find it difficult to juggle student life and being a mother, ultimately drop out. Various reasons for not returning to school have been explored, among them being a lack of a support structure, financial challenges and access to a Child Support Grant (CSG). Research in South Africa indicates that teenagers who do not have support from their families and struggle financially once the baby is born, usually dropout of school so as to provide for the baby and themselves (Bhana Swartz, 2009). On the other hand, studies in Brazil and Guatemala indicate that girls are forced to look for jobs to supplement family income and take care of the new family member (Hallman et al., 2005). Young mothers who have support structures in the form of parents and grandparents have an opportunity of returning to school (Grant Hallman, 2006). Matthews et al. (2008) concur and maintain that the presence of an older female in the family enables learners to return to school, while the absence of the same forces them to look for alternative ways of making a living. This is the same with teenage fathers who have accepted responsibility and have family that is prepared to support the child (Bhana Swartz, 2009). The return to school in South Africa is motivated by a desire for a better life. Anecdotal evidence suggests that parents of African teenage mothers usually send the teenager back to school, since she has a higher chance of fetching high bride price in the event that she gets married. In the African belief system, an educated woman is bound to fetch a higher price than that of an uneducated one (Macleod, 2009; Mkwananzi, 2011; Bhana, Swartz Morrell, 2012). Kaufman, de Wet and Stadler (2000) concur, adding that the fact that the teenager has proven her fertility actually increases her chances of marriage in future. Interestingly, teenagers in Hlabanganas 2012 study in Soweto (South Africa) indicated that falling pregnant before marriage decreases the bride price, as prospective grooms consider the teenage mothers as used goods. Reasons for returning to school after pregnancy may vary for both sexes, but the important part is that the teenager is back in school. Clearly the effects of teenage pregnancy on the teenager vary for the young parents, the difference may lie in the financial circumstances of the teenagers family and on the part of the young father whether or not he accepts responsibility of the pregnancy. The consequences of dropping out of school for teenage girls due to pregnancy cannot be overestimated, especially in a continent where the adage when you educate a woman , you educate a nation holds true (Hubbard, 2009: 223). The main thrust of the study is to understand why teenagers continue falling pregnant in the face of efforts by the South African government in trying to manage teenage pregnancy. In an effort to control and manage teenage pregnancy, the government has provided youth-friendly clinics, life skills programmes in schools and is currently on a much opposed drive to supply condoms in schools. Opposition for distributing condoms in schools comes from parents who fear that by distributing condoms in schools, teenage rs are given indirect permission to indulge in sexual activities. In light of the efforts made by the South African government and a decade of spending on teenage pregnancy management, figures still indicate that teenage pregnancy rates are on the increase nationwide. Disruption of school, as a consequence of teenage pregnancy merits scrutiny in this study, as it will enable an understanding of their perceived effect of teenage pregnancy on young girls who are pregnant. health risks Research on health risks associated with early childbirth in teenagers is mainly divided into two main camps. One camp argues that teenagers are at risk of health problems due to their socio-economic status. The other camp, which is scientific, argues that age at first childbirth puts young women at risk of health problems as she is not mature enough to push the baby, and this proves fatal to both mother and child. Some young mothers who have assisted births end up having obstetric complications such as hemorrhaging and damage to the womb. Macleod (2009) identifies paucity of research in South Africa in terms of health risks associated with early childbirth. Age at first child birth contributes to a range of complications, including pregnancy-induced hypertension, anemia, obstructed and prolonged labour, low birth weight, preterm labour and delivery, perinatal and infant mortality, and maternal mortality (WHO, 2007). These complications are usually associated with the physical immaturity of teenagers, an assertion that Cameron (1996) supports and adds that limited access to health care services is another contributing factor to the range of complications. He suggests that complications become more pronounced when the teenager decides to terminate pregnancy (Cameroon, 1996:83). In South Africa, the Choice on Termination of Pregnancy Act (No. 92 of 1996) allows minors under the age of 18 years to terminate a pregnancy without the consent of either parents or guardians. Manzini (2001) suggests that due to health personnel attitudes, teenagers are forced to have unsafe abortions, which may lead to death. Lack of support structure before and after termination maybe the reason for teenagers resorting to self-administered terminations and this usually leads to irreversible damage to the womb or even death (Petiffor et al., 2005). Sexually active young fathers face different health challenges from those of the young mother and child. Bhana and Swartz (2009) indicate that young fathers in Cape Town (South Africa), often have multiple and concurrent partners (MCP), and this puts them at great risk of contracting and spreading HIV. However, they are quick to mention that impending fatherhood for those that have accepted responsibility is cause for behaviour change. MCPs are one of the main drivers of the spread of HIV (Halperin Epstein, 2007). Young men put themselves at risk by practicing unprotected sex with multiple partners who themselves may be part of a potentially sexual network. Geronimus and Sanders (1992) observe that young African American women who live in conditions of poverty are more prone to problems as they are unable to access pre- and post-natal care. They note that this is different for white teenage mothers who are the bulk of teenage mothers in America. Geronimus and Sanders (1992) suggest that this may be due to the differences in economic status of the teenagers. Macleod (1999) points out that despite their socio-economic status, teenage mothers hardly ever access pre- and post-natal services. This may be due to the stigma associated with teenage pregnancy, and may also be due to the attitudes of service providers. While studies may site negative attitudes of staff towards teenagers (Wood Jewkes, 2003), Ehlers (2003) paints a more positive picture, arguing that youth-friendly services initiated by South Africas Department of Health (DoH) have made great strides in addressing the stigma attached to adolescent sexuality. The Child Support Grant (CSG) Social grants or assistance can best be described as non-contributory cash transfer programmes set up by the government for the under privileged, aged or vulnerable (Grosh et al., 2008). Social grants are very important as they assist in alleviating poverty, reducing the level of vulnerability of vulnerable groups in society and providing social insurance to the vulnerable groups in society (Neves et al., 2009). The CSG was first introduced in South Africa in April 1998 as a poverty alleviation strategy for the poorest children (Parliamentary Liaison Office, 2007). Initially restricted to children under the age of seven years, it was later extended to include 14 year olds in 2003. According to Hall (2011), the CSG pay-out in 2011 was R275 per month per child. A lot of debate surrounds the CSG and teenage pregnancy in South Africa with the media fuelling the opinion that teenagers fall pregnant to access the CSG. Popular opinion states that the CSG has led to a perverse incentive for teenagers to conceive and go on to spend the money on personal goods (Macleod, 2006). In response to the media outcry, the Department of Social Development (DSD) commissioned research into the matter in 2006. The research concluded that there was no direct relationship between CSG and teenage pregnancy (Kesho Consulting, 2006). Other research by Makiwane and Udjo (2006) concluded that there is no evidence that the CSG leads to an increase in welfare dependency in South Africa. Furthermore, during the period in which the CSG has been offered, rates of termination of pregnancy have increased (Macleod, 2009). In 1998, when the CSG was introduced, abortion rates were at 4.1%, a decade later abortion rates were at their all-time high of 8.1 %, and in 2011 they were at 6.3%. Macleod (2009) suggests that the high rate of abortion amongst teenagers, in the face of the CSG, is evidence that there is no relationship between the CSG and teenage pregnancy. Matsidiso Nehemia Naong (2011) concurs with research that indicates that there is no link between the CSG and teenage pregnancy. In her study of three of South Africas provinces (Free State, Mpumalanga and Eastern Cape), Naongs sample of 302 school principals and 225 Grade 12 learners indicated that there was no relationship between the CSG and teenage pregnancy. Instead, the study concluded that poverty, peer pressure and substance abuse contributed to teenage pregnancy. Naong concludes that teenage pregnancy and CSG are divorced and any influence between the two is negligible. Interestingly enough, anecdotal evidence suggests that more and more teenage girls are falling pregnant in an effort to access the CSG so as to complement household earning or in some instances the CSG is the main source of income. In such cases teenage pregnancy ceases to be unplanned and becomes planned and unwanted. In a 2005 study of CSG use in KZN, Case, Hosegood and Lund (2005) showed that 12.1% of pregnant teenagers who had conceived cited the CSG as the reason. Tyali (2012) in his study of HIV and AIDS communication in Platfontein (South Africa) found that teenagers were deliberately falling pregnant so as to access the CSG, while others wanted to access the HIV and AIDS grant. Marsh and Kaus (2010) study of teenagers perceptions and understanding of teenage pregnancy, sexuality and abortion concurs with Tyalis (2012) conclusion that teenagers deliberately fall pregnant to access the CSG. Using a population sample of 35 teenagers (24 girls and 11 boys), Marsh and Kau (2010) discovered that the CSG was perceived as means of increasing household income, by having a baby, the teenager then contributes towards the household income through access of the CSG. Interestingly, Marsh and Kaus research population indicated that the influence or pressure to bear children in order to access the CSG came from family. On the other hand other teenagers viewed the CSG as a way of increasing the pocket money for clothes and cell phones. On the other hand, the CSG has been credited with enabling teenager mothers to return to school. The CSG is associated with an increase in school attendance and improved child health and nutrition. Thus, the grant can be associated with an improvement in the lives of children whose caregivers receive the CSG on their behalf (Macleod, 2009:24). It will be interesting to find out how teenagers perceive the relationship between the CSG and teenage pregnancy. Their attitudes regarding the grant will also be important in the formulation of a communication intervention, and eventually contribute towards efforts to manage teenage pregnancy rates. CONTRIBUTING FACTORS TO TEENAGE PREGNANCY The present study does not look at pregnant teenagers knowledge, attitudes and perceptions towards teenage pregnancy; instead it focuses on non-pregnant teenagers knowledge attitudes and perceptions towards teenage pregnancy. Having said that, contributing factors to teenage pregnancy merit exploration as these factors will shed light on knowledge, attitudes and perceptions towards teenage pregnancy. Understanding how teenagers make meaning of teenage pregnancy through their knowledge, attitudes and skills is important in particular if this understanding is viewed through the contributory factors to teenage pregnancy. Contributing factors to teenage pregnancy are important for this study as they will put the study in context and enable the researcher not to take the revisionist and reductionist approach towards teenage pregnancy. The reductionist and revisionist approaches to teenage pregnancy ignore other non-sexual factors that contribute to teenage pregnancy. The following contributing factors were apparent in this review of the literature and will be dealt with in the following sections: Family Relations Family is an important unit for socialisation as it enables the sharing of beliefs and ideals that lead to societal norms. Research indicates that family relations are an important aspect in teenage pregnancy rates. Eaton (2003) and Bhana (2004) found that teenagers with single parents were prone to risky sexual behaviour, and pregnancy compared to those with both parents. This may be attributed to issues to do with shared control and responsibility of both parents, whereas in single family parents control is vested in one parent. Family form becomes a protective condition to young people. Muchuruza (2000) concurs and puts forward that in Tanzania teenagers coming from single parent families have risky sexual behaviour and are more likely to become young parents. Where the single parent struggles to provide for the girl child, the girl is at greater risk of pregnancy as she has to look for means of survival and usually this is achieved through intergenerational relationships. The maj or reason why teenagers engage in intergenerational relationships with older men and women is that they see them as providers of social status symbols such as flashy cell phones and jewellery, while at the same time taking care of their basic needs. Such relationships jeopardize the health of the two people involved as the teenager is unable to negotiate for safe sex because of fear of losing their economic goals (Leclerc-Madlala, 2008). Most documented research on intergenerational relationships is between girls and sugar daddies. These sugar daddies feel that such relationships are transactional hence there is no need for them to use protection (ibid). Such relationships leave the teenager vulnerable to HIV and AIDS, pregnancy, Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) and to sexual manipulation. Bhanas (2004) Cape Town (South Africa) study found that 66% of the teenagers reported that family norms enabled them to have people to advise them on how to live a constructive life, while 55% said that availability of family members acted as source of control for their sexual behaviour. This is evidence that family relations play an important part in the behaviour of teenagers and most importantly their sexual behaviour. The presence of a responsible biological father encourages girls to delay their sexual debut and instils in boys a sense of sexual responsibility. Blum and Mmari (2005) point out that the presence of a male figure in a household and their attitude to sexual behaviour plays an important part in influencing teenagers sexual behaviour. They found that girls with father figures who were against premarital sex were less likely to engage in premarital sex and experience unplanned pregnancy, compared to those with father figures who had sexually permissive attitudes and those without fathers. In the same context, Lovings (1993) investigation into the connection between family relationships and teenage pregnancy in Durban (South Africa), established that warm relationships between fathers and their daughters played an important role in delaying young girls sexual initiation. Mfono (2008) holds the view that teenage girls whose mothers were teenage mothers themselves have a greater chance of being teenage mothers. Arai (2008) observed that in Britain and America, the daughter of a teenage mother is one and a half more likely to become a teenage mother herself than the daughter of an older mother. This, according to Hlabangana (2012) is due to the fact that these teenagers come from communities where it is normal to be a teenage mother, since almost everyone has been or is a teenage mother. The HRSCs 2008 study of perceptions towards teenage pregnancy in Johannesburg, Cape Town and Durban (South Africa) coincides with Hlabanganas assertion that teenage pregnancy has been normalised. According to the respondents of the HRSC study, non-pregnant teenagers are viewed as the other, and are asked when they too will be pregnant. Such attitudes make teenage pregnancy a way of life, and teenagers themselves view teenage pregnancy as a reality that forms a part of e veryday life rather than an alien occurrence (HRSC, 2008). This cycle self-perpetuates from one generation to another until it becomes acceptable and normal for teenagers to fall pregnant. The intergenerational cycle is a result of a lack of upward mobility; upward mobility is an individuals ability to rise above their current social or economic position (Hlabangana, 2012). Arai (2008) considers this low expectation on the part of teenagers, as one of the reasons that perpetuates the intergenerational cycle of teenage pregnancy. This she attributes to structural factors in deprived communities such as schools that fail to give teenagers a reason to feel entitled to anything. Knowledge, attitudes and perceptions of teenagers towards teenage pregnancy may be rooted in the lack of upward mobility that Arai refers to. Arai (2008) notes that in Britain, the low expectation argument for teenage pregnancy is a powerful one as evidenced by many British researchers (Garlick et al., 1993; Rosato, 1999; Selman, 1998; Smith, 1993; Wilson, 1991). She puts forward that in Britain, teenage pregnancy is very high amongst teenagers who do not have family support, come from broken homes, are raised by single parents, have difficulty with school and who come from socially disadvantaged backgrounds. According to Arai (2008), teenagers from such backgrounds have access to contraception and sexual health information, but display a deficiency in their knowledge of sexual health, proper contraceptive use, are shy to engage in sexual health communication and are wary to access services for sexual health. In a 1999 study in Northumberland, Britain, it was discovered that teenage parents had low educational achievement and low expectations of their future prior to their parenthood Arai (2009). She notes that these teenagers went on to have low paying jobs where they had to work long hours. In another Scottish study, (Smith,1993 in Arai, 2009) observed that teenagers from deprived backgrounds were six times likely to fall pregnant and then abort than their counter parts from well to do areas. These studies, validate Arai (2009) and Hlabanganas (2009) notion of upward mobility and entitlement for more on the part of the teenagers. Interestingly, Rutenberg et al. (2003:5) in their study of attitudes towards HIV and AIDS and teenage pregnancy in KZN (South Africa) discovered that for some adolescents, increasing opportunities and aspirations for education and employment, in addition to the perceived risk of HIV and pregnancy, results in many adolescents not wanting an early pregnancy. Rutenberg et al.s study, validates Arais (2008) and Hlabanganas (2009) assertion that teenagers with a low sense of upward mobility are most likely to find themselves as teenage parents while those with a high level of upward mobility are most likely to prevent themselves from early parenthood. This study will seek to unearth these varying dynamics in an effort to understand teenagers attitudes towards other teenagers who fall pregnant. economic status Pregnancies among teenagers are related to social problems, and this is predominant in developing countries and in particular poverty stricken communities. Risky sexual behaviours among teenagers are more likely to occur in poor families and those with single families. Lack of resources forces girls to become sexually involved in an effort to get material gains (Jewkes, Morrell Christofides, 2009). Hallman (2004) found that in South Africa low income families contributed to risky sexual behaviour among young people in both rural and urban areas. The study argues that low income accounts for girls decision to engage in risky sexual behaviour in trying to make ends meet. Macleod (2009) and Manzini (2009) concur with Hallman, and further add that young people from low economic statuses are most likely not to use condoms. This is attributed to lack of access to health services, reproductive health information and proper support structures from other social institutions. Teenagers who find themselves in intergenerational relationships find themselves unable to negotiate safe sex practices in fear of jeopardising their economic goals (Panday et al., 2009; Leclerc-Madlala, 2008). Many young women not only engage in risky sexual activities to meet their basic needs such as money, food and clothing, but also to satisfy wants such as expensive cell phones, high-class jewellery and rides in luxury cars (Hunter, 2002; Leclerc-Madlala, 2004). Chances of teenage pregnancy become high when the teenager comes from a home without adult supervision and most likely poor economic standing. Mfono (2003) confirms these arguments stating that teenagers are at high risk of pregnancy if they come from financially disadvantaged backgrounds, or if they succumb to peer pressure to engage in sexual activities for economic gain. On the other hand, teenage girls reject the transactional sex talk and state that they are able to make do with what is available without having to engage in intergenerational and transactional relationships with older partners. Sathiparsad and Taylors (2011) study of 335 girls and boys in eThekwini Secondary Schools in Durban (South Africa) revealed that girls view themselves as independent and rational thinkers. These girls suggested that they do not think that sex is synonymous with love, and assert their power as individuals by their ability to say no to unprotected sex. This is indicative of girls resisting manipulation and normative submission (ibid). For the purposes of this study, it will be interesting to find out how teenagers perceive economic status as a contributing factor to teenage pregnancy. Gender Dynamics The South African DoHs Policy Guidelines for Youth and Adolescent Health (2001) locates gender considerations as fundamental to the health of young people. The policy guidelines identify sexual health and sexual exploitation, sexual abuse, gender-based violence, coercive sex and gang rapes as areas of concern that put young women in particular at risk of HIV and AIDS and teenage pregnancy. Dunkle et al. (2004) in their study of young women attending ante-natal clinics in Soweto (South Africa) discovered that over half of the women aged between 15 and 30 years had been exposed to sexual violence. Another survey, conducted by the Planned Parenthood Association of South Africa (PPASA) in six of South Africas provinces, found that 20% of girls reported forced sexual encounters or were sexually assaulted (PPASA, 2003). Similarly, Vundule et al. (2001) found that 33% of girls in South Africa have their first intercourse as a result of force, including rape. Where there is unequal power distribution and lack of negotiation skills, pregnancy ceases to be a matter of choice. Sexual violence alters the power relations in any relationship, and in most cases women are vulnerable and unable to negotiate safe sex. Teenagers may avoid negotiating contraceptive usage, in particular condoms, for fear not only of violent reactions, but also of emotional rejection, of being labelled unfaithful or HIV positive (Wood, Maforah Jewkes, 1998). Furthermore, women attempting to use other invisible contraceptive methods, such as the injection, may be accused by their partners of causing infertility, disabled babies and vaginal

Franco Zeffirelli And Baz Luhrmanns Romeo And Juliet :: William Shakespeare

Franco Zeffirelli and Baz Luhrmann's Romeo and Juliet Sex, drugs, and violence are usually a potent combination, and only William Shakespeare could develop them into a masterful, poetic, and elegant story. In the play, "The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet," all these aspects of teenage life absorb the reader or watcher. It is understood that Hollywood would try to imitate this masterpiece on screen, and it has done so in two films: Franco Zeffirelli's 1968 "Romeo and Juliet" and Baz Luhrmann's 1996 "William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet." The updated Luhrmann picture best captures the essence of Shakespeare for the present-day viewer. Through the ingenious use of modernization and location, while preserving Shakespearean language, the spirit of Shakespeare emerges to captivate a large audience. Shakespeare's plays were designed to adapt to any audience: with this in mind, Baz Luhrmann created a film that applies to the modern audience through this updating. Luhrmann modernizes "Romeo and Juliet," through constant alterations of the props, which entice the audience into genuinely feeling the spirit of Shakespeare. First, the movie starts with an prologue masked as a news broadcast on television. This sets the scene of the play by illustrating the violence occurring between the two wealthy families, the Montagues and the Capulets. In Zeffirelli's film of "Romeo and Juliet," the prologue takes the form of a dry narrator relating the story of the Montagues and Capulets over a backdrop of an Italian city. For most modern viewers (especially teenagers), the Luhrmann picture is fast-paced, keeping the spectator intrigued, while the Zeffirelli picture is dreary and dull, an endless maze of long and boring conversations, foreshadowed by the prologue. In Luhrmann's film, the actors, instead of carrying swords with them, hide guns in their shirts and wield them expertly. The death of Romeo and Juliet is (as always) blamed on the post office, for not delivering the letter properly. And, to be politically correct, Mercutio appears at the Capulets' ball dressed as a large woman. The actors in Zeffirelli's version of Shakespeare wear colored tights and bulging blouses; thus they appear more comical because they are outdated. By modernizing these aspects of the play, and reconstructing the prologue, Luhrmann creates a movie that is more interesting to the modern viewer, and captures the essence of Shakespeare's writings. Evidencing this viewer-friendliness, the 1996 "William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet" made almost twelve million dollars in the month of November alone due to its clever alterations. As well as updating Shakespeare's play to the present decade through props, Baz Luhrmann's film is more enjoyable because of the vibrant settings. The Zeffirelli's "Romeo and Juliet" occurs in an ancient Italian city, with

Aquafarming and Pacific White Shrimp

IntroductionGrameneralAquaculture is the agriculture and active farming or production of aquatic beings such as fish, mollusk, crustaceans and aquatic workss in controlled environments. It is besides known as aquafarming. Nowadays, this animal-based food-producing sector has increased in footings of its importance due to the addition of planetary human population demand. The rush of aquaculture is besides due to it supply a batch of extra employment for the increased figure of under-employed fishermen or husbandmans every bit good as the rural inhabitants, increased fuel’s monetary value which lead to the rise of angling operations cost, and the inclined figure of demand for crustaceans like runts and shrimps ( FAO, 1987 ) . Asia as a whole accounted about 90 per centum of planetary aquaculture production with China being the chief manufacturers ( FAO, 2013 ) . Aquaculture accounts 47 per centum of all fish supplies destined for non merely direct human nutrient ingestion, but besides processed into fishmeal and oil as animate being provender ; carnivorous aquatic species such as runt, trout and salmon, and for other animate beings such as hogs, poulets and family pets ( FAO, 2013 ) . Direct human ingestion used about 86 % of entire piscary production, while the staying 14 % was used in fabrication of fishmeal and fish oil ( FAO, 2010 ) . Aquaculture system can be differentiated by its degree of direction ; extended, semi-intensive and intensive. Extensive civilization system fundamentally depends to the full on nutrients which occur of course in the system such as planktons and did non have any knowing nutritionary inputs. This type of system allows the stock to turn by itself as less attempt is apply into the civilization system. It besides depends on H2O flow to convey the nutrients, so normally it is done in the ocean, lakes and river. Other than that, extended system besides has a few negative effects as it depend on the surrounding conditions for the mortality and survival rate of the stocks. While for intensive civilization system, it requires the aquaculturists to hold high understanding about the stocks as they have higher control over the civilization system than extended system. Their provenders are besides need to be well-prepared with balanced nutrition and so pelleted to advance higher endurance rate. Al though it requires higher cost and works, it produces highest output than both extended and semi-intensive civilization system which still requires unreal nutrient to be accompanied with natural nutrient supply. Other than freshwater fishes, species that besides produced in aquaculture included mollusk ( 23.6 per centum ) , crustaceans ( 9.6 per centum ) , and other aquatic animate beings. While the production of crustaceans itself consists of fresh water and Marine species. Examples of commercial runt species arePenaeus Monodon, Litopenaeus vannamei, Penaeus stylirostris,Phosphorusenaeusindicus, PenaeusmerguiensisandPhosphorusenaueschinensis.Liter.vannameior besides called as Whiteleg shrimp rise as the most preferable species of Marine and fresh water for civilization crushing the tiger shrimp,P. Monodonas it lost its influence in this last decennary due to outbreak of diseases ( FAO, 2012 ) . As white topographic point disease ( WSD ) start to outbreak, it caused high desolation in economic as the mortality rate increased dramatically and caused a large loss to the shrimp civilization ( Gunalan B. , et al. , 2011 ) . After uninterrupted hunt for the options for shrimp civilization, at 200 1,L. vannameiis introduced in Asia. The species commercial civilization began in South and Central America and subsequently the aquafarming ofL. vannameigo the most of import in Mexico. Although the commercial civilization ofL. vannameipunctuated with its slope and diminution tendencies after the ‘la Nina’ calamity, the production of the species has grown to over 270 000 metric tons by 2004 ( FAO, 2014 ) . There are a few grounds as to whyL. vannameiis more favorable thanP. Monodon. One of it is it merely require low protein in its diet ( 30 per centum ) thanP. Monodon( 45 per centum ) which is more carnivorous, so the provender cost is a batch lower than the 1 withP. Monodon( FAO, 2014 ) . Other than that, it besides has higher survival rate and is a batch easier to civilization ( SEAFDEC, 2005 ) . L. vannamei aslo can be cultured in low salt H2O as it can turn efficaciously and able to last at utmost salts status ( LukeA. & A ; D. AllenDavis, 2010 ) . However, many Asiatic states so unwilling to go on to bring forth these shrimp species as they fear on the possibility of the eruption of new alien disease that can be transmitted to native penaeid runts at their states. So, the civilization merely been applied in Malaysia, Cambodia, India, Philippines and Myanmar. Of all types of broodstock, merely Specific Pathogen Free ( SPF ) / Specific Pathogen Resistant ( SPR ) broodstock is allow ed to be imported in Thailand and Indonesia ( FAO, 2014 ) . Shrimp agriculture in Malaysia has started since 1930s, which so led to larger scale civilization production. Its life rhythm includes larval phase and full-blown phase, in which require both natural provenders and unrecorded nutrients. Due to authorities support, farmer’s active engagement, intensive preparation to husbandmans, increased engineering and steady market’s monetary value, the runt agriculture industry has rises systematically ( SEAFDEC, 2005 ) . Although its being patterns widely all over the universe, runt agriculture has a few impacts that needed to be taken attention of. These include its impact to environmental and its sustainability. The impacts can be categorised in direct or indirect impacts. Mangrove ecosystems being cleared out to do infinite for shrimps’ civilization pool doing more than 50 per centum of it to decrease, and the nutrient webs besides will alterations due to the runt agriculture. Habitat loss besides is included in indirect consequence of runt farming to environment. Land required for it besides will subsequently go increased in monetary value particularly in Peninsular Malaysia. While for direct impacts, it include new species and familial stuff to be introduce. As the runt farming industry will let go of their waste and toxic substances to environment, it will do pollution and eutrophication. Disease eruption, for illustrations White topographic point ( WSSV ) , Taura Syndrome and Vibriosis, besides will severely impact the environment as it will impact other wild penaeid runt populations ( RonnbackPatrik, 2001 ; SEAFDEC, 2005 ) . However, these will non do the industry to diminish because new runt farms will be developed at much higher rate than before ( RonnbackPatrik, 2001 ) . Overfeeding besides has chance to go on and this will take to protein beginnings being uneconomical. Feed is an of import facet in success of shrimp aquaculture. During the disease eruption, antibiotics are used hyperbolically since it can battle infective beings. This lead to it being banned by European Union ( EU ) in 2006 as they found out that antibiotic can give harmful consequence to the host species, human as consumer and the environment itself. To avoid any losingss, they decided to happen the options for antibiotics. Of all the options, organic acids seems to be most appropriate for the function as surveies has shown that organic acids and its salts can advance both growing and feed use and besides increase the species opposition towards diseases ( W. K.Ng & A ; C. B.Koh, 2011 ) . Still, there is non adequate survey has been done or published sing the usage of organic acids as aquafeeds for shrimp aquaculture ( Koh C.B. , et al. , 2013 ) . Therefore this survey is been conducted to understand the consequence of organics acids on the growing and wellness public presentation of L. vannamei, in footings of it weight and disease opposition.AimAim of this experiment include:To find the consequence of dietetic organic acids in commercial runt provenders on the growing public presentation and wellness of the Pacific white runt,Litopenaeus vannameistation larvae.To analyze the consequence of dietetic organic acids on provender use efficiency.To measure the entire feasible bacterial and presumptiveVibriocounts in the hepatopancreas and intestine andhepatopancreas histopathology.Resistance toVoltibrioparahemolyticuschallenge.LITERATURE REVIEW2.1Litopenaeus vannamei Shrimp are marine crustaceans that can establish on the river beds and ocean floors around the universe, filtrating sand and atoms in the H2O. As forL. vannamei, or its common name Whiteleg runt are under the order Decapoda. As the name Decapoda implies, all decapods have ten legs ; five braces of legs on the chief portion of the organic structure, plus five braces of pleopods on the venters or tail. Differ from other Decapoda, this species tend to be larger than the Caridean runt species and are commercially of import. Liter.vannameiis first described by Lee Boone in 1931. At that clip, this new species was rescued for scientific discipline from the native fish market in Panama City, March 25, 1926( Boone, 1931) .Liter.vannameiare native to the eastern Pacific Ocean, from the Mexican province of Sonora as far south as northern Peru. It is restricted to countries where the H2O temperature remains above 20 Â °C ( 68 Â °F ) throughout the twelvemonth. Adults unrecorded and spawn in the unfastened ocean, while station larvae migrate inshore to pass their juvenile, stripling and sub-adult phases in coastal estuaries, lagunas or mangrove countries. This species is besides dominant at Guatemala and El Salvador( FAO, 1980 ) . Liter.vannameihas dais which reasonably long with 7-10 dorsal and 2-4 ventral length. Its coloring material is usually semitransparent white, but this can alter depending on its provender, substrate and H2O turbidness (FAO, 2006) . Its maximal entire length can make until 230 millimeters. While it’s shell length can make until 90 millimeters maximal.L. vannameican be wrongly thought asPenaeus stylirostris, but it really has distinguishable characteristic that differentiate them fromP. stylirostris.Liter. vannameiis by and large less compressed laterally thanP. stylirostris. Its average Carina of the shell besides does non widen rather to the posterior border. Its first three abdominal sections are sturdier and have more developed epimera thanP. stylirostris(Boone, 1931) . InLiter. vannameimature males, its petasma is symmetrical and semi-open. Its spermatophores which are dwelling of sperm mass are complex. Males become mature from 20 g. While for the mature female, they have unfastened thelycum. Females become mature from 28 g onwards at the age of 6–7 months. FemalesLiter. vannameinormally grow faster and larger than the males (FAO, 2006) . Its life rhythm consists of an pelagic planktonic larval phase with its first phase larvae being termed nauplii. Nauplii live on their yolk militias, so it does non feed. The following larval phase which is protozoea, Mysis and early postlarvae remain planktonic for some clip. They feed on phytoplankton and zooplankton. Next are an estuarial station larva-to-juvenile phase, and a return to the marine environment as an grownup to get down feeding on benthal debris, worms, pelecypods and other crustaceans, mature and spawn (Valles-Jimenez, et al. , 2005 ; FAO, 2006) . L. vannameiis used as introduced species in aquaculture. It has the ability to accommodate to alterations in salt, pH and dissolved O degrees (Rosenberry, 1999) . The production of the species in their native part is shown to be lower than that in the part where they were introduced. For illustration, their production in Asia and the Pacific part was 1.1 million metric tons compared with in Latin America and the Caribbean which merely 266 000 metric tons. This can be happened as the switching from the usage ofP. MonodontoLiter. vannameihappened in China and many of the states in Asia (FAO, 2006) . The shifting may be because of the provender costs forLiter. vannameiis by and large less thanP. Monodonas L. vannamei merely necessitate 18-35 % of protein compared to 36-42 % for P. Monodon (FAO, 2006) . Other than that,Liter. vannameiare easier to reproduce and has unvarying growing rate thanP. Monodonwhich lead to its success in selling. AsL. vannameiable to bring forth specific pathogen free ( SPF ) , it can easy come in in Asiatic market. But the production will lowered if they suffer from diseases like White Spot Syndrome Virus ( WSSV ) in which the septic runt shows reduced nutrient ingestion and Taura Syndrome which makes the juvenile shrimp become weak, has soft shell, empty intestine and its ruddy chromatophores in extremities to spread expand. There besides other diseases such as Infectious Hypodermal and Haematopoietic mortification ( IHHNV ) which cause Runt Deformity Syndrome ( RDS ) , Baculoviral Midgut Gland Necrosis ( BMN ) , and Vibriosis ( FAO, 2006 ) . These diseases can be reduced by holding good direction of the H2O system, provenders, armored combat vehicles and the runt itself. 2.2Use of organic acids in provenders As the aquaculture production become intense, jobs sing diseases besides increase. This finally led to over-use of antibiotics to forestall these diseases which so harmed the environment, human population and the carnal itself. Since 1986, the utilizations of antibiotic growing boosters ( AGP ) are easy being banned around the universe as in Sweden entire prohibition were done. Later in 1997, Europian Union ( EU ) has banned the usage of avoparcin. While in 1999, bacitracin, spiramycin, tylosin and virginiamycin are banned in EU. This finally led to a entire prohibition of the usage of all antibiotics in EU at 2006 (Robert, 2011) . After the forbiddance of antibiotics at 2006, organic acids are used as alternate to these AGP. Formic, lactic, benzoic and propionic acids are illustrations of organic acids. It is already been used as storage preservatives for nutrient and provender ingredients for a long clip (Ng, et al. , 2011) . The first proficient study sing the usage of these acidifiers appears even since 1960’s where it is used in hog eating to see the consequence in their growing and public presentation. In this hog feeding experiment entirely ; more than 500 surveies have been published on the usage of acidifiers (Bernd, 2011) . These organic acids which have low pKa values are effectual at low environment pH and as microbic in acidic tummy part. It has been good documented that these organic acids can beneficially better provender consumption, growing and feed use efficiency when Federal at moderate degrees (Alp, et al. , 1999 ; Kluge, et al. , 2006 ; Robert, 2011) . Study besides has been done to demo that although there is deficiency of impact on growing rate or provender use shown, the provender transition ratio ( FCR ) , and in-between bowel to organic structure weight ratio is increased significantly due to the presence of acerb salt blend (Ng, et al. , 2011) .

Health and fitness Essays

Health and fitness Essays Health and fitness Paper Health and fitness Paper I have been told by my well-meaning friends that very fit people have two advantages when they rest. First, their wide recuperation zone enables them to handle physical or emotional stress better. When a fit person gets the flu, for example, his heart rate may increase up to 35 percent of maximum, but he is still in his recuperation zone. When an unfit person gets the flu, his heart rate pushes him out of the recuperation zone so tissue repair is jeopardized. Second, very fit people can be active and still be in their recuperation zone. When my fit friend gets a cold, his mom wants him to rest. For her, rest means sitting down. For my friend, playing basketball outside with his friends in the driveway may be rest. It takes a lot of running around to drive him above 50 percent maximum heart rate. Fit people rest and recuperate while having fun doing active things. One must not overlook the significance of this: it may be the most important thing one will ever learn about fitness. Fat, out-of-shape people often complain of how hard it is to get fit again. They try to exercise religiously, but something always seems to go wrong, causing repeated setbacks. Their recuperation zone is so narrow that it’s hard to stay within it. Even if they exercise perfectly, monitoring their breathing and heart rate, the slightest cold, muscle strain, stress drives them above that narrow zone, thus decreasing the time spent in recuperation. Fit people, on the other hand, appear not to need rest. When they are doing gentle activity, they are still in their recuperation zone, repairing tissue, replenishing glycogen and building muscle. I guess I stand to benefit if I lose another 5-8 pounds because at 125 pounds, I still feel quite heavy. After some thinking, I decided to enroll and try out a new gym and dance center near our place. I still feel that it would be beneficial for me if I exercise over and over until I gradually get fitter and my resting heart rate gradually decreases, giving an ever-widening zone in which to recuperate. Recently a friend suggested that when I hike, I actually am in the subaerobic zone most of the time. Occasional uphills push me into the aerobic zone, and very steep climbs push me into the anaerobic zone. But most of the time, I amble along the subaerobically, enjoying the scenery. Because I do so much of it, I’m quite sure my subaerobic pastime does more to maintain my fitness than the aerobic jogging I do when I’m home. What are the reasons why some people are physically active while others are sedentary? Some people are basically just too lazy to flex a muscle or too. exercising, and went too active in their life. People can definitely become more flexible as they get older, instead of less, but like everything else, it takes consistent practice. You don’t have to stretch every single day if you don’t want. But do stretch before you exercise, and try to do a full stretching routine two or three times a week. Describe reasons that underlie why people are active or inactive. Highlight and emphasize the one or two reasons that you think are the critical ones for most active and inactive people. Some people exercise because they understand that exercise keeps blood sugar levels in control. This is the same with the high cholesterol levels which I already have. Judging from the slew of books and magazine articles extolling the virtues of various â€Å"surefire† weight loss programs, the financial success of reducing clubs, and the popularity of special foods that claim to make people lose weight, sometimes it appears that the American national pastime is not baseball, but dieting. Although some people may be overweight because they suffer from some kind of metabolic or physiological disturbance, the overwhelming majority of overweight people are so because their level of physical activity is too low to9 match the calories they consume. How do these reasons explain my own level of physical activity? These reasons level with my own level of physical activity because I am mostly seated down, whether in the classroom or at home in front of the computer. I noticed that   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  daily, I am rooted to my chair for hours on end and I   is not working for me at all. I know I need to be moving because I realize that our bodies were designed to move. Because machines do a lot of our work for us, and because many occupations, including going to school, involve many hours of sitting, it is easy for most individuals to ingest more calories than they expend. Moreover, the ready available food, especially high-calorie snack foods such as potato chips, candy and the like, makes it even easier to acquire   needless calories and excess pounds. Consider how these reasons seem to explain your own level of physical activity. Upon looking at my own body needs, it seems that if I want to adopt a weight-reducing program that results in a loss   of 1 pound a month, I can easily plan my dietary and physical activities so I can produce a net daily deficit of 120 calories.   All I have to do is to walk a   little more each day or cut out a soft drink or a couple of cookies. Most people are involved in special diets and other rapid-weight loss programs. Such programs plunge people into unusual and sometimes bizarre exercise and eating behaviors that may produce temporary   weight loss but that, because they are so unusual, cannot be sustained. People become impatient with time-consuming exercises and become bored with restricted diets; soon they give up and return to their former life styles and habits. As for me, I know that in order to achieve permanent weight loss and energy balance at a desired weight, overweight people have to change their long-term eating behaviors and their levels of physical activity. In short, successful weight loss and permanent weight control require a lifestyle change. WORK CITED Charles b Corbin, William r, Corbin, gr. j welk, and Karen a welk.