Risk Taking Essay -- essays research papers

In our lives, it is important to exercise self-command. However,we should not be so concerned with the rising that we stifle the present.The question becomes what balance should we strike between self-commandand finds? What kinds of take chancess are welcome or un pleasing? In thisessay, we will use two examples of risks to fancy the distinction betweenthe two and arrive at a conclusion as to the balance one should havebetween risk and self command. The premier(prenominal) example we will use is of aperson who spends his life savings on a lottery ticket and does not winthe lottery. The second is of a person who spends his life savings on ahunch regarding a redress for AIDS, a hunch that is false. Before we makethis distinction, however, it is necessary to define the name acceptableand unacceptable risks.Acceptable and Unacceptable RisksThere are several ship canal in which one could define which risks areacceptable. One could say, for example, that the only acceptable risk i sone for which the odds of success are greater than the odds of failure. other definition of acceptable risk might be a risk that does not harmones future. We might also say that the only acceptable risk is onewhere the aggregate happiness is increased, thus increasing the moral priceyof the risk, an idea which is based on John Stuart Mills Utilitarianism.Finally, we might define a morally good ris... Risk Taking Essay -- essays research papers In our lives, it is important to exercise self-command. However,we should not be so concerned with the future that we stifle the present.The question becomes what balance should we strike between self-commandand risks? What kinds of risks are acceptable or unacceptable? In thisessay, we will use two examples of risks to show the distinction betweenthe two and arrive at a conclusion as to the balance one should havebetween risk and self command. The first example we will use is of aperson who spends his life savings on a lott ery ticket and does not winthe lottery. The second is of a person who spends his life savings on ahunch regarding a cure for AIDS, a hunch that is false. Before we makethis distinction, however, it is necessary to define the terms acceptableand unacceptable risks.Acceptable and Unacceptable RisksThere are several ways in which one could define which risks areacceptable. One could say, for example, that the only acceptable risk isone for which the odds of success are greater than the odds of failure.Another definition of acceptable risk might be a risk that does not harmones future. We might also say that the only acceptable risk is onewhere the aggregate happiness is increased, thus increasing the moral goodof the risk, an idea which is based on John Stuart Mills Utilitarianism.Finally, we might define a morally good ris...

The Yellow Wallpaper :: Charlotte Gilman

In a female oppressive write up about a woman driven from postpartum depression to insanity, Charlotte Gilman uses great elements of literature in her short story, The white-livered Wallpaper. Her use of feminism and realism demonstrates how womans thoughts and opinions were considered in the early 1900?s. The subject area of this story is feminism. Having gone through postpartum depression herself, Gilman?s story was strongly personal. During the time period that she wrote it, woman?s rights were limited. The character in this story matt-up she knew ways to recover herself from her depression, or ?baby blues?. Baby blues also known as postpartum depression is a approach pattern of severe depression after pregnancy delivery that requires treatment. Women may feel sadness, despair, anxiety, or irritability. The woman from the story wanted to get well and wanted to work. However, as a woman she was forbid by her husband to do this. Instead she was isolated from society, from being able to work, do the things she loved, or take care of her baby. The Yellow Wallpaper was written as a realism story. It showed how woman felt they had the same opportunities as men in their personal choices. In this story, the woman show her worries to her husband who through good intentions, required that his wife stay in bed 24/7, and not do any of the things she would normally do. In accomplishment his wife became worse until she reached the limit. The behavior of the husband at this time was completely normal. Men were the higher power over women and women, like the one in this story, felt that they couldn?t stand count for themselves.

A Comparison of Sei Shonagon and Marie de France Essay -- comparison c

A Comparison of Sei Shonagon and Marie de France Though more than two cardinal years have separated Sei Shonagon and Marie de France, the scene is much the same. A courtly lady sits in a candle-lit room, with her writing hand poised above a book of parchment. Her face brightens in an instant of inspiration and she scribbles furiously onto the paper. This woman is closely associated with the royal court and is something of an anachronism, a woman author in a male-dominated world. The scene pictured here could have taken place in either Shonagons late tenth one C Japan or the twelfth century France of Marie de France. The differences that exist between these two authors are a result of their differing cultures and personalities. Marie de France writes as a product of her time, expressing herself through her characters, while keeping in mind the mandates of the church. Sei Shonagon is control by no such mandates and as a result wrote with merciless honesty. Accordingly, the structu re, diction and imagery used by each author reflects her own lucid personality and values. Sei Shonagon is most well known for her Pillow Book, a collection of her personal thoughts and observations during her time at court. The structure, or lack thereof, in this work gives the referee a peek at Shonagons personality. She writes in short bursts, giving the mini-chapters such titles as The Sliding Screen in the Back of the Hall, Hateful Things, and Oxen Should tolerate Very Small Foreheads. The titles are representative of her tendency to write at length on subjects that may seem inconsequential, or as the author admits in the last segment of the Pillow Book, most trivial. In fact, these so-called trivial observations provide a s... ...es and cultures. One author is governed by her strict faith and esteem to the church, the other by her own strongly-held opinions. Each womans writing clearly reflects her own distinct personality and temperament Marie de France, more eager and spiritual, Sei Shonagon, more satirical and opinionated. both courtly ladies seem faithful to their own beliefs and reflective of their time and culture. Works Cited Sei Shonagon. The Pillow Book. Trans. Richard Bowring. The Norton Anthology of existence Masterpieces. Expanded Edition. Ed. Maynard Mack. New York W.W. Norton & Co. 1995. 2191-2218. All quotations are from this text. De France, Marie. Eliduc. Trans. John Fowles. The Norton Anthology of World Masterpieces. Expanded Edition. Ed. Maynard Mack. New York W.W. Norton & Co. 1995. 1680-1692. All quotations are from this text.

Mr. Mefisto - Foreign Language Essay :: Foreign Language Essays

AbstractMr. Mefisto.Before asking who he is, the first question must be, he exists or not? I did not meet him directly, acquaint to face, but I heard a lot about. If you ask people who knows they will give you all kind of answers. They will tell you that, he us good, bad, obedient or is THE GOD. My opinion is that it do not exists by it self, it exists as a relation between you and the World. If you are not in Harmony with the World, you are under his power. D-ul Dracu , Inainte de a te intreba cine e Dracul, cred ca trebue sa te intrebi daca intradevar exista. Eu nu m-am intalnit cu el, fata in fata, dar din timpuri stravechi si pana astazi, multi spun ca intradevar exista. Fortale binelui si Fortele Raului. Cu Achriman fiind intunericul absolut si Christos Iubirea Vie. Sunt persoane care ar trebi sa stie. Chistos a scos un demon dintrun om si l-a bagat intro ciurda de porcii. In zilele noastre Papa Paul Ioan II zice Demonul exista, are regatul sau, are un program common hops s tabilit . iar Papa Benedict XVI, zice Dracul e o prezenta misterioasa, dar reala, personala, nu simbolica . Asta e convingator ? O idee interesanta apare la Gnostici (comoara Templarilor e probabil o copie a Evangeliei apocrife a lui Toma) cu Simeon Magnus si bineinteles cu Valentinian in Imnul Perlei Dar mai ales in critica Legei Mozaice prin Scrisoarea catre Flora a lui Ptolomeu, Lumea nu a fost creata nici de Dumnezeu Tatal si nici de Satana, ci de Demiurg. Ceace ar putea explica dece Dl Dracu exista. Sau dece Seful Ingerilor s-a razvratit inpotriva lui Dumnezeu. Daca exista inceputul exista si sfarsitul. Daca exista Ying exista si Yang. Tot nu sunt absolut convins, dar sunt inclinat sa accept, pentru ca stiu ca ceva e Bine si ceva e Rau. Nu stiu de unde stiu, dar cred ca e in legatura cu idea de Just si Injust Cred ca e just ca Socrate sa se si e injust sa furi bomboane dela copii. Acum cand de bine de rau, cred ca Dl Dracul exista, as vrea sa stiu cine si ce e. Nu cred ca e sarpele care a ispitit-o pe Eva. Am vazut in o catedrale din Gubbio, o fresca cu tentatia Evei. Sarpele avea maini si merge pe 2 picioare.

The Italian Wars :: History

The Italian WarsItaly was the back globe for let outside powers between the French invasion of 1494 and the accession of Francis 1 in 1515 for different reasons.Between these years, the States of Italy were invaded on a number occasions by armies from France, Spain and new(prenominal) countries. At this time, the Italian States were very vulnerable there were conflicts in Italy itself-importance, they had out of date military equipment and Italy had insecure frontiers and unreliable allies That Italy failed to organise herself against invaders was due to the selfish policies. This gave outside powers reason to use Italy as their battleground. Italy was a very moneyed country, showing this wealth, a Florentine Historian, Guicciardini said Italy has never enjoyed such prosperity or known so favourable a situation Also, because the Pope lived in Italy, it gave enemies more incentive to fight in Italy as opposed to any other country. Another reason for Italy being the battleground wa s that unknown powers felt they had dynastic claims to certain states and therefore felt obliged to fight for them.I feel the most important reason why outside powers chose Italy to fight in was fundamentally because they could. Italy was divided, unstable and disunited there were even civil disputes e.g. when Venice and its neighbour Ferrara went to war. It was hard to keep foreign powers out of their country because they werent working together apiece state was not strong enough to protect Italy on its own. The Papacy also didnt help in keeping enemies out there was endlessly scope for dissension between them (Orsini and Colonna) and while they remained armed before the very eyes of the pontiff, they kept the papacy weak and insecure. Also, it was playing its usual game of self interest. Pope Leo X in 1513 set about promoting the interests of himself and his family. He was prepared to negotiate for French aid to further his ambitions this lead to more foreign powers (especial ly France), being able to easily use Italy as the main battleground. It can be disputed that the most important reason for Italy being the battle ground was that it was wealthy, but I feel that even though it was wealthy, there were certainly other wealthy states which could have been the battleground, had Italy not been such an easy target, with certain assets other countries did not have.This leads me to the next important reason why Italy was the battle ground wealth.

The Italian Wars :: History

The Italian WarsItaly was the background for outside powers between the French invasion of 1494 and the accession of Francis 1 in 1515 for different priming coats.Between these years, the States of Italy were invaded on a number occasions by armies from France, Spain and other countries. At this time, the Italian States were very vulnerable there were conflicts in Italy itself, they had out of date military equipment and Italy had insecure frontiers and treacherous allies That Italy failed to organise herself against invaders was due to the selfish policies. This gave outside powers reason to phthisis Italy as their battleground. Italy was a very wealthy country, showing this wealth, a Florentine Historian, Guicciardini verbalise Italy has never enjoyed such prosperity or known so favourable a situation Also, because the Pope lived in Italy, it gave enemies more incentive to fight in Italy as opposed to any other country. Another reason for Italy being the battleground was that f oreign powers felt they had dynastic claims to certain states and therefore felt make to fight for them.I feel the most important reason why outside powers chose Italy to fight in was basically because they could. Italy was divided, unstable and disunited there were counterbalance off civil disputes e.g. when Venice and its neighbour Ferrara went to war. It was hard to keep foreign powers out of their country because they werent working together each state was not strong luxuriant to protect Italy on its own. The Papacy also didnt help in keeping enemies out there was always scope for dissension between them (Orsini and Colonna) and art object they remained armed before the very eyes of the pontiff, they kept the papacy weak and insecure. Also, it was playing its usual game of self interest. Pope Leo X in 1513 set about promoting the interests of himself and his family. He was prepared to negotiate for French aid to further his ambitions this lead to more foreign powers (espe cially France), being able to easily use Italy as the main battleground. It can be disputed that the most important reason for Italy being the battle ground was that it was wealthy, but I feel that even though it was wealthy, there were certainly other wealthy states which could have been the battleground, had Italy not been such an easy target, with certain assets other countries did not have.This leads me to the next important reason why Italy was the battle ground wealth.

Economic Impact of Natural Disasters Essay

Natural catastrophes are catastrophes hauled by the nature on man. They may bring about large scale demise depending on the type of inseparable disaster. Natural disasters involve a range of hazards which may cause widespread devastation and human and animal casualties. They range from floods, earthquakes, hurricanes, cyclones, tornadoes, tsunamis, avalanches, volcanic eruptions, famine, heat wave and droughts etc. Natural disasters in the past were mostly unpredictable however, with the advancement of science and technology numerous authentic ways of antecedently detecting the possibility of natural disasters devour developed.Nevertheless, even with the invention of modern scientific ways and pre-disaster preparations, human societies are non completely safe from the revolting outcomes of the disasters. The calamities bring with them spacious destructions to land, property, human lives and the economy of region concerned. Natural Disasters are not only destructive for the l and, people and buildings they are profligately at propagation economically crippling. Natural disasters affect people and their livelihoods or their ability to earn a living and support their families.Ultimately, then, severe natural disasters not only disgrace people and property, they also affect the economy of the affected region. (Stoltman, Lidstone and Dichano p. 297) Disasters heavy burden on the economy of the g all overnment since it has to make huge monetary expenditures on the convalescence of the catastrophe-stricken area and rehabilitation of the victimized population. These actions may lead to the postponement of or abandonment of plan investments, reductions in the provisions of public services and deferment of profit and salary increases and of staff appointments. (Benson and Clay p.29) This may mean huge sackinges will be incurred to the economy from this aspect as well in the dour run. It is also believed that since in modern generation the possible o ccurrence of a disaster can be predicted, the government has to take safety steps which also incur huge be though these safety measures may not even be able to fully protect the area from destruction, which is true in most cases. Hence the cost spent of safety measures is also nearly lost. In the united States natural disasters have been quite frequent and the governments during different times have been able to cope with the economic stress brought about by the calamities.However, sometimes exceptions did exist particularly in the past when the technology was not as developed as it is today and the pace with which the rehabilitation should occur was not as fast as in todays advanced society. the States has faced all kinds of disasters from floods, hurricanes, cyclones, volcanic eruptions to heat waves, blizzards and tsunami. Hurricanes and cyclones have been more frequent in some areas prone to such type of disasters. northbound America especially the United States has generall y been successful in holding tweak the death tolls even in very destructive incidents.(Stoltman, Lidstone and Dechano p. 323) Some natural disasters which occurred in the United States are being discussed from the point of view of the economic destruction they brought. Super extravasation The largest and the worst known and recorded outbreak of a series of tornadoes over a period of 24 hour in nearly thirteen body politics of USA took place on 3rd and 4th of April, 1974 and are known as the super outbreak. It is believed by some to the worst out break of the 20th century.(Super Outbreak NOAA) 148 confirmed tornadoes caused widespread suffering and destruction in Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Georgia, North Carolina, Virginia, West Virginia, and New York. It extensively damaged approximately 900 square miles (1,440 square kilometers) along a make sense combined path length of 2,600 miles (4,160 km). (Super Outbreak Wikipedia). repo rt to have begun around the afternoon and continued for a huge duration of 18 hours, the super outbreak lead to large number of casualties, injured and peachy loss to the buildings and revenue.According to the statistics caused 315 to 330 peoples deaths altogether in all the affected states, 5,484 victims were injured and 27, 590 families suffered the losses of the disaster. Overall estimated damage ranges from $3. 5 trillion to $6. 0 billion according to varying sources. (Statistics taken from Super Outbreak Wikipedia and NOAA). Most of the losses incurred were due to the property damage, damage to basic facilities of life bid roads, vilify tracks which form the means of communication to other areas were severely affected.Tornadoes incurred maximum damage in areas where their intensity was at their peak. Hanover was 90% damaged and destroyed. (Super Outbreak Wikipedia)The task of rehabilitating the areas was not a small one in fact it spread over 13 US states and a heavy bur den was on the government. The estimated cost of the damage to the Hanover College alone was about $10 million. (Super Outbreak Wikipedia) Estimated damage to about 11 schools amounted to $7, 705, 000 in total with some schools not being included in the list.(Super Outbreak NOAA) Rebuilding huge structures is a humungous task. The retrieval of all the basic facilities of life like handiness of food, body of water and shelter and means of communication along with the availability of electricity all had to be provided efficiently and effectively to all the victims of the disaster. In addition the medical costs of those injured had to be met by the government. Measures had to be taken to prevent disease epidemics from erupting in areas facing sanitation problems.These costs were those which had to be used in investments and on other progressive developmental projects, however, due to the disaster a huge amount was now spent on rehabilitation and recovery of victims of the super outbr eak. This did not put a temporary burden on the governments economy but actually affected all those possible ways of economic progress which were being sought through coming(prenominal) investment plans. Louisiana Flood 8th May, 1995 The United States has a long history of attempting to deal with hazards beginning with floods and focus has been on mitigation. After experimenting with dams, levees also became disregard after the expenditure of $200 million in 1927. That year a massive flood left 250 dead and 700,000 temporarily unsettled. (Stoltman, Lidstone and Dechano p. 326) This establishd that no field of study what preventive measures may be taken, the losses incurred by the natural disasters (may they be losses of life or economic losses) cannot be fully prevented. Another huge disaster experienced in the history of natural disasters in the USA was the Louisiana flood of 1995. The flooding was actually on set by excessive continued raining from 7th till 8th of May, 1995. Cities like Jefferson Parish and Orleans Parish, including the cities of New Orleans, Metairie, Kenner, River Ridge, Harahan, Slidell, and Covington etc. All these areas were severely affected and experienced huge losses due to the flood. Six people died as a result of the flooding. The city of New Orleans suffered $360 million in damages, and the damage of the surrounding areas put that total above $1 billion. Some 56,000 homes were damaged in 12 Parishes. Thousands of cars were flooded. 14,600 homes and isolatedments were flooded in Jefferson Parish.The cause of the massive rain fall totals was a stalled out anterior system from the northwest. It produced a train effect, in which rain and/or thunderstorms continued to form over the same area. Pumping stations were overwhelmed and could not pump out the water into Lake Pontchartrain. The pumping stations are only rated to pump one inch per hour maximum. (May 8th 1995 Louisiana Flood Wikipedia) In addition to meeting the huge cos ts of restoration of normal living standards, the government was also concerned to take steps to prevent such disastrous conditions as much as possible in the future.The countries economy was once again weighed down by the responsibility of taking prospective and effective safety measures. Such catastrophic rainfall floods were planned to be prevented by building high costing much more effective pumps to remove the rain water before build up develops. 1994 Northridge temblor The Northridge earthquake occurring on the January 17th 1994 caused large scale devastation and a lot of economic damage as compared to its relatively low intensity of 6. 7 on the Richter scale and low duration.Yet in terms of financial losses Northridge is one of the worst disasters in US history. 57 people were killed and 72 deaths were attributed to the earthquake. 11,800 people received hospital treatment for injuries and 22,000 people were left homeless. (Petak and Elahi Northridge earthquake USA) Direct losses, like damages to residential and commercial buildings, roads and bridges, means of telecommunication, floriculture and lifelines (like water supply and sewerage lines were damaged) etc altogether amounted to $41. 8 billion.Infrastructural losses like water, gas and power demanded immediate action just as the rescue and recovery of those trapped. Basic necessities of life had to be provided without delay just as immediate medical treatment was essential for the injured. Life line damage was estimated $ 2 billion but later was found to have exceeded. (Petak and Elahi Northridge earthquake USA) Damage to schools was also costly and the cost was approximately $100 million. (Petak and Elahi Northridge earthquake USA) It was a sorry state of affairs that the hospitals were also damaged nearly 31 in number and 9 were forced to evacuate.(Petak and Elahi Northridge earthquake USA) This caused serious problems since the injured had to be dealt with in the hospitals and the merchant marine systems were damaged to take them to nearby safer areas for the purpose of treatment. However the airports were relatively less damaged or almost not damaged at all. The earthquake wreaked slaughter on numerous massive buildings including centers of trade and commerce and shopping plazas, bridges and roads. The destruction of roads and bridges lead to serious complications and further economic loss. lack of transportation caused various business dealings to be delayed, the damage to office buildings also acted as an aggravating factor in this situation and incurring confirmatory financial loss. The areas largest shopping center, the Northridge Fashion Center was virtually destroyed and did not open for more than a year and a half. (Petak and Elahi Northridge earthquake USA) Business loss literally affected the countrys economy which was already dealing with the blow the earthquake had given to it. The overall business losses were estimated to be $15.2 billion. However, the situations were quickly dealt with which meant that supply was meeting the demand. The area took some time before it was fully restored despite the fact that the recovery process and the advocate being provided were both quick and effective. Hurricane Katrina In terms of material as well as economic destruction, Hurricane Katrina, occurring on the 23rd of August, 2005, was one of the worst natural disasters to have affected the US in most recent times. Failure of levee system in New Orleans and Louisiana lead to great loss of life and property.This was greatly criticized since modern day technology demands much more effective measures to be taken by the government in preventing huge catastrophes like hurricane Katrina. Hurricane Katrina has managed to shatter the economy for good. It has caused huge damages to the oil and gas end product causing major damage to many oil platforms and leading to the shut down of refineries. The total shut-in oil production from the Gulf of Mexico in the six-month period following Katrina was approximately 24% of the annual production and the shut-in gas production for the same period was about 18%. (Hurricane Katrina Wikipedia)This is a sorry state of affairs since the damage to done to other business market, business dealings and buildings, is apart from this damage to the oil and gas industry. Along with the destruction of various job opportunities the forest industry was also affected. People were not only left homeless but also unemployed and the countrys constant gain through income evaluate from these previously employed also halted because of the loss of their jobs. Families were left without a means of livelihood and problems of poverty were becoming increasingly significant.It is estimated that the total economic impact in Louisiana and Mississippi may exceed $150 billion (Hurricane Katrina Wikipedia) It is a natural phenomenon that loss of employment opportunities and unavailability of basic needs of the people ca uses them to move places in search of better opportunities in all field of life. This has a negative effect not only on the areas which are left, because their chances of future progress become dim, but also of those areas which are over burthen by the influx of people.These areas come under economic pressure because now they have to provide jobs, residential areas and food for more people on the same available resources. This holds very true especially in the case of victims and survivors of Hurricane Katrina. The economic lows in their region forced them to migrate to other regions or states which also suffered a set back when burdened by an extra population to be supported. Conclusion Analysis of the US attitude towards natural disasters has shown that US governments have been wide awake and keen on preventing as well as providing immediate remedies to the disaster stricken people.However, the preventive measures like levee system have not been cost effective. They have not pro ved to be good in preventing huge damages. Amount spent on these preventive measures is wasted once the disaster strikes. On the other hand, effective and efficient help is provided for the recovery of the victims and the destructed area but the economic blow is very strong. In many areas the fast rehabilitation system is not enough though and migration of people to other states causes burden on those states. The economic damage due post-disaster era is caused due to direct and indirect causes.The direct causes include destruction of buildings especially corporate and residential ones and providence of basic facilities of life to the victims and injured and indirect damage is incurred by mainly destructed transportations, repair, rehabilitation and rechecking of newly build structures for safety. Disasters can cause government revenues to fall since lower levels of economic activity including possible net declines in imports and exports imply reduced direct and indirect tax revenue s. (Benson and Clay p.29) Hence, modern day technology demands our government to take better and more reliable preventive measures to avoid huge damages from disasters which can prove to be long term economic set backs.Works CitedBenson, Charlotte and Clay, Edward J. Understanding the Economic and Financial Impacts of Natural Disasters. 2004. World Bank Publications Hurricane Katrina. Wikipedia. 26 April 2008. Petak, William J and Elahi, Shirin. The Northridge seism USA and its Economic and Social Impacts. 26 April 2008 Stoltman, Joseph P. Lidstone, John and Dechano Lisa M. International Perspectives on Natural Disasters. 2005. Springer Publishers. Super Outbreak. NOAAS National Weather avail Weather Forecast Office. Northern Indiana. 26 April 2008. Super Outbreak Wikipedia. 26 April 2008.

Ap Bio Chapter 7

Name Period Chapter 7 Membrane Structure and operate Concept 7. 1 Cellular membranes argon liquified mosaics of lipids and proteins 1. The large molecules of all living things fall into just four principal(prenominal) classes. Name them. Explain what is meant when we maintain a molecule is amphipathic. 3. In the 1960s, the Davson-Danielli model of membrane structure was widely accepted. Describe this model and then cite two lines of evidence that were inconsistent with it. 4. Who proposed the fluid mosaic model of membrane structure? When?Describe this model. 5. What is meant by membrane fluidity? Describe the movements seen in the fluid membrane. 6. Describe how each of the spare-time activity faeces affect membrane fluidity decreasing temperature phospholipids with unsaturated hydrocarbon chains cholesterol 7. Membrane proteins are the mosaic part of the model. Describe each of the two main categories integral proteins peripheral proteins 8. Use Figure 7. 9 to briefly describ e major functions of membrane proteins. Function Description Transport Enzymatic activity point out transduction Cell-cell recognitionIntercellular joining Attachment to cytoskeleton and ECM 9. Membrane carbohydrates are important in cell-cell recognition. What are two examples of this? Distinguish between glycolipids and glycoproteins. Label the following structures glycolipid, glycoprotein, integral protein, peripheral protein, cholesterol, phospholipid, ECM fibers, cytoskeleton microfilaments, integrins (go back to Chapter 6) Concept 7. 2 Membrane structure results in selective permeability Distinguish between channel proteins and newsboy proteins. are canalise proteins specific?Cite an example that supports your response. 14. Peter Agre received the Nobel Prize in 2003 for the discovery of aquaporins. What are they? 15. Consider the following materials that must louse up the membrane. For each, tell how it is accomplished. Material Method CO2 Glucose H+ O2 H2O Con cept 7. 3 Passive transport is diffusion of a substance across a membrane with no energy investment 16. Define the following terms diffusion concentration gradient passive transport osmosis isotonic hypertonic hypotonic turgid laccid plasmolysis 17. Use as many words from the list above to describe why a carrot left on the counter all-night would become limp. Underline each word you use. What is facilitated diffusion? Is it active or passive? Cite two examples. Label the hypotonic solution, isotonic solution, and hypertonic solution. What is indicated by the blue arrows? Label them. Which cell is lysed? Turgid? Flaccid? Plasmolyzed? Apply all these labels. Why doesnt the plant cell burst? Concept 7. 4 ready transport uses energy to move solutes against their gradients 21. Describe active transport.What type of transport proteins are involved, and what is the role of ATP in the process? The sodium-potassium pump is an important ashes for you to know. Use the following diagram to un derstand how it works. Use the following terms to label these figures, and briefly summarize what is occurring in each figure extracellular fluid, cytoplasm, Na+, K+, ATP, ADP, P, transport protein. On the diagram below, add these labels facilitated diffusion with a attack aircraft carrier protein, facilitated diffusion with a channel protein, active transport with a carrier protein, simple diffusion.For each type of transport, give an example of a material that is moved in this manner. What is membrane potential? Which side of the membrane is positive? What are the two forces that drive the diffusion of ions across the membrane? What is the combination of these forces called? 26. What is cotransport? Explain how understanding it is used in our treatment of diarrhea. Concept 7. 5 Bulk transport across the plasma membrane occurs by exocytosis and endocytosis 27. Define each of the following, and give a specific cellular example. ndocytosis phagocytosis pinocytosis exocytosis recepto r-mediated endocytosis 28. What is a ligand? What do ligands have to do with receptor-mediated endocytosis? 29. Are the processes you described in question 23 active or passive transport? Explain your response. Testing Your Knowledge Self-Quiz Answers Now you should be ready to streamlet your knowledge. Place your answers here 1. _______ 2. _______ 3. _______ 4. _______ 5. _______ Reproduce the diagram for question 6, and draw arrows as instructed. 6b. ______ 6c. ______ 6d. ______ 6e. ______

Newspaper article Essay

In this essay I talked almost literary ele custodyts such as symbolism, mental imagery, and metaphors being apply very substantially in the book The Things They Carried by Tim OBrien. I wrote about Tim OBrien who is the author of The Things They Carried OBrien was born in Austin, Minnesota. When he was twelve, his family, including a younger child and brother, moved to Worthington, Minnesota. His writing career was launched in 1973 with the release of If I Die in a Combat Zone, Box Me Up and Ship Me Home, about his struggle experiences and how in on attribute of OBriens work is the blur between fiction and reality labeled Verisimilitude, his work contains actual elaborate of the situations he experienced.Although this is a common literary technique, his conscious, explicit, and metafictional approach to the distinction between fact and fiction is a unique component of his writing style. In the chapter close create in The Things They Carried, OBrien casts a distinction betwee n story- law (the truth of fiction) and happening-truth (the truth of fact or occurrence), writing that story-truth is whatsoevertimes truer than happening-truth. Story truth is steamy truth thus the feeling created by a fictional story is sometimes truer than what results from reading the facts.I wrote about some symbolism such as the goallike young Vietnamese soldier being killed by OBrien with a grenade. I wrote about imagery such as The Man I Killed, because it goes into exposit with things like thinking repeatedly of the star-shaped hole that is in the place of his eye and the peeled-back cheek and also like a Vietnamese girl of fourteen dances through the wreckage though most of her village has burned to the ground and her family has been burned to death by the American soldiers.I also wrote about metaphors such as the sewage field and how in In the Field, (the field here being twain the sewage field that drowned Kiowa and the combat zone) OBrien discusses the blame for Kiowas death in the sewage field or, the drowning of American goodness in poop. OutlineI. IntroductionThesisAuthorII. SymbolismKiowaThe Dead Young Vietnamese passIII. ImageryThe Man I KilledStyleIV. MetaphorsThe Lake/ FieldThe Things They CarriedVI. ConclusionThesisIn the book The Things They Carried slicey literary elements such as symbolism, imagery, and metaphors are used very well. Tim OBrien is the author of The Things They Carried OBrien was born in Austin, Minnesota. When he was twelve, his family, including a younger sister and brother, moved to Worthington, Minnesota, a city that once account itself as the turkey capital of the world. Worthington had a large influence on OBriens imagination and early development as an author.The town is placed on Lake Okabena in the western portion of the state and serves as the setting for some of his stories, especially those in the novel The Things They Carried. He earned his BA in Political Science from Macalester College, where he was Student Body President, in 1968. That same year he was drafted into the United States Army and was sent to Vietnam, where he served from 1968 to 1970 in the tertiary Platoon, Company A, 5th Battalion, 23rd Infantry Division.He served in the division that contained a whole involved in the infamous My Lai Massacre. OBrien has said that when his unit got to the area around My Lai (referred to as Pinkville by the U.S. forces), we all wondered why the place was so hostile. We did not know there had been a massacre there a year earlier. The news about that only came out later, while we were there, and then we knew. Upon completing his tour of duty, OBrien went on to graduate school at Harvard University and acquire an internship at the Washington Post.His writing career was launched in 1973 with the release of If I Die in a Combat Zone, Box Me Up and Ship Me Home, about his warfare experiences. One attribute in OBriens work is the blur between fiction andreality labeled Verisimilit ude, his work contains actual details of the situations he experienced. Although this is a common literary technique, his conscious, explicit, and metafictional approach to the distinction between fact and fiction is a unique component of his writing style. In the chapter Good Form in The Things They Carried, OBrien casts a distinction between story-truth (the truth of fiction) and happening-truth (the truth of fact or occurrence), writing that story-truth is sometimes truer than happening-truth.Story truth is emotional truth thus the feeling created by a fictional story is sometimes truer than what results from reading the facts. Certain sets of stories in The Things They Carried seem to contradict each other, and certain(prenominal) stories are designed to undo the suspension of disbelief created in previous stories for example, Speaking of Courage is followed by Notes, which explains in what ways Speaking of Courage is fictional. OBrien won the 1979 National Book Award for, Goin g After Cacciato.Also his novel, In the Lake of the Woods, won the James Fenimore Cooper Prize for Best Historical illustration in 1995. His most recent novel is July, July. In these paragraphs I leave talk about examples of symbolism and what they mean. Kiowa is a good example of symbolism, a forgiving and talkative soldier he demonstrates the importance of talking about ones problems and traumatic experiences. He is also a devout Baptist and a primal American that occasionally feels contempt and distrust towards white people. However, he appears to be Tim OBriens best friend in the company. Kiowa often helps other soldiers choose with their own actions, such as taking the lives of other human beings.Kiowas death is symbolic of the senseless tragedy of war. He dies in a unrelenting way, drowning under the muck of a sewage field about which his lieutenant, Jimmy Cross, has a bad feeling. Kiowas entirely submerged body represents the transitory constitution of life and the hor rifying suddenness with which it can be snatched away. There is no dignity to Kiowas death he becomes another casualty in a war that strips men of their identity and turns them into statistics.The dead young Vietnamese soldier is another example of symbolism. OBrien is unclear about whether or not he actually threw a grenade and killed a man outside My Khe, his memory of the mans corpse is strong and recurring, symbolizing humanitys guilt all over wars horrible acts. In The Man I Killed, OBrien distances himself from the memory by speaking in the third person andconstructing fantasies as to what the man must have been like before he was killed. OBrien marvels at the wreckage of his body, thinking repeatedly of the star-shaped hole that is in the place of his eye and the peeled-back cheek.The verbal description serves to distance OBrien from the reality of his actions because nowhere in its comprehensive detail are OBriens feelings about the situation mentioned. His guilt is evident , however, in his imagining of a life for the man he killed that includes several aspects that are similar to his own life. In these next paragraphs I will be talking about some examples of imagery. The chapter The Man I Killed is an example, because it goes into details with things like thinking repeatedly of the star-shaped hole that is in the place of his eye and the peeled-back cheek (chapter 12).The chapter Style has great imagery with quotes like a Vietnamese girl of fourteen dances through the wreckage though most of her village has burned to the ground and her family has been burned to death by the American soldiers. (Chapter 14). In The book The Things They Carried, Metaphors are also used. Tim OBrien uses examples such as The Lake/ Field as an example, in In the Field, (the field here being both the sewage field that drowned Kiowa and the combat zone) OBrien discusses the blame for Kiowas death in the sewage field or, in keeping with our metaphor, the drowning of American goodness in poop.The soldiers all feel guilty in one way or another for following orders instead of trusting the Vietnamese, for a moment of stupidity in the field, or for their own brutal and disrespectful natures. Jimmy Cross and Norman Bowker both reflect that the blame is universal. The ignoble death of American decency in war is everybodys fault, in one way or another. OBrien also uses chapters like The Things They Carried as metaphors such as, First deputy sheriff Jimmy Cross carried garner from a girl named Martha, a junior at Mount Sebastian College in New Jersey (667).This begins Tim OBriens short story The Things They Carried. The author will go on to list all the items carried by these soldiers, including helmets, canteens and ammunition. OBrien uses the list of physical objects that the members of the Alpha Company carry in Vietnam as a windowpane to the emotional burdens that these soldiers bear. One such burden is the necessity for the young soldiers to confront th e tension between fantasy and reality. The realization of this tension disrupts Crosss save as the resident dreamer of the Alpha Company.Cross thinksthat because he was so obsessed with his fantasy of Martha and the life they might lead after the war, he was negligent. He sees Ted Lavenders death as the result of his negligence. If The Things They Carried is the illustration of the conflict between love and war, then the death of Ted Lavender and the subsequent disillusionment of Lieutenant Cross signify a triumph for war in this conflict. The emotional burdens that the soldiers bear are intensified by their young age and inexperience.Most of the men who fought in Vietnam were in their late teens and early twentiesthey were children, students, and boyfriends who had no perspective on how to rationalize killing or come to terms with their friends untimely deaths. From the beginning, OBrien the author uses explicit details to illustrate what the experience was like for the scared men . Among the things the men carry are guilt and cowardice that they are neither able to admit to nor negotiate.Although they are sad for the loss of their friend Lavender, their predominant feeling is of relief, since they are still alive. So as you can see, in the book The Things They Carried legion(predicate) literary elements such as symbolism, imagery, and metaphors are used very well.

Negotiation and Compliance: An Article Analysis

Dick Olver, chairman of BAE Systems, writes an empirical analysis of negotiation and honourable compliance in the hold Ethical Business Cultures. His approach is that of an expert in both observation and experience in the analysis of negotiation and the behavioral aspects of corporate culture. Every lucky enterprise requires the strong foundations of leadership and the willingness of the rest to believe in the vision of the leader and to quest for him or her. Olver understands this firsthand and believes that implementing change in the form of an ethical working environment is key to a companys success and employee happiness, over either.Though he asserts that there is a chain of command in either line, ethics is one argona where all members of a working team must work at equally. Therefore, though demonstrating the effective use of ethics begins at the top of an organization, it can only be sustained by all employees involvement in its continuation. Olver readily outlines the processes of both the means by which employees thirstily endure the ethical vision of the business leader and the constant need for management to reinforce ethical behavior.There are no apparent flaws in his reasoning, as his expertise in the business world serves as a seemingly credible source of both advice and information. Olver initially lists three ways in which managers can negotiate compliance with their employees. A manager must be aware of what is important and communicate this to employees faithfully. He or she, also must mob responsibility for ethics embedment and not depend or delegate this upon others.Finally, Olver suggests that questions must be asked in order to gauge the current level of diversity and willingness to accept diversity within an organization if that company wishes to acquire global contracts. Olver also lists eight standards for leaders in an ethically and globally motivated environment. To annotate this commodious information, the most key aspects of his experience and advice will follow. Leaders must consciously implement and improve benchmarking, reporting, and transparency features of company goal achievement, as this helps to keep all employees and global partners abreast of current procedures.Similarly, laws and contracts must be upheld and protected, but not at the level that interactions within the company and with outside agencies would be so undercover as to arouse suspicion. The key here is that transparency is of the utmost importance in gaining trust in employees, but that not everything can be alone transparent in any organization. Olver concludes his writing with an encouragement to all business leaders to help implement an ethical environment using his expertise and experience. His conclusions are that all business leaders must be strong and determined in practicing their negotiation skills with their employees.The fear of change is common in all business settings, therefore negotiating change within an orga nization must be the priority of the business leader. He or she must confront the fears of change and convince others to follow that new direction of fearlessness. Having the ability to lead and to instill trust and ethics in employees yields much satisfaction and takes great skill. This not only benefits the manager in their self-esteem in their ability to positively negotiate, but it helps employees to remain happy and productive while yielding great results for the company and the bottom line.

Racial Discrimination Against African Americans in the U.S. Labor Market

racial Discrimination against African Americans in the U. S. Labor Market Josefina Anorga Carlos Albizu University rook The following utilisation deals with racial discrimination against African Americans in the inclineplace. Terms as racial discrimination, racism, race and African Americans ar going to be define to a greater understanding of these. It presents different types of discrimination at work, statistics of the African American population who works in the U. S. , the way how it is changing over the eld and the laws and entities that protect discrimination at the custody.Racial Discrimination against African Americans in the Labor Market There atomic number 18 many ethnic and racial throngs in the linked States, such as Euro Americans, African Americans, Asian Americans, American Indians, Latin Americans, and others. Some of these groups restrain faced severe discrimination in social, political, educational, and economic opportunities. In our days, there are stil l large differences among these groups in areas like employment opportunities, income, education, criminal justice, voting and elections, health, and other fields.Because of this, many ways of unequal opportunities and jaundiced interference persists in the United States in many ways, especi everyy with African Americans. The term African Americans, besides called Afro-Americans or Blacks, refers to residents or citizens of the United States who have African origins. It also describes a very diverse group of great deal in the American society. They may come from different ethnic backgrounds such as African, Caribbean, Central American or South American.According to Robert Hill in The Strength of Black Families African Americans have family characteristics such as strong kinship bonds, strong work orientation, adaptable family roles, high achievement orientation, and strong religious orientation (Harry, 1992 Hairston, 1983). Afro-Americans make up collective family structure and subjects like family and spirituality are very consequential for them. Although the number of African American Muslims has increased, their choice of religions tends to be Christianity (Harry, 1992).Even though the workplace is more diverse than ever and there is more consciousness of racial discrimination, African Americans, a racial-ethnic minority group in the United States, still have to face many discrimination problems. Many people in the U. S. have prejudices somewhat African Americans describing them as inferior. Research in social psychology suggests that categorizing individuals on the basis of salient, observable characteristics such as race, gender, age, and even patterns of dress and spoken language is inevitable, occurs automatically, and activates biases associated with these characteristics (Measuring Racial Discrimination, 2004).There are also many stereotypes that qualify them as poor, unemployed, unintelligent, uneducated, smelly, dirty, lazy, and also violent offenders. Discrimination means unequal treatment. To treat an individual or group of people differently found on their racial origins is called Racial Discrimination. It is also beta to understand two terms that will be mentioned end-to-end the project, and those are race and racism. The term race was used to distinguish populations in different areas on the basis of differing physical characteristics that had developed over time, such as splutter color, facial features, and other characteristics (Blank, Dabady, Citro, 2004), and according to the US civilian Rights Commission 2010, racism is an action or attitude, conscious or unconscious, that subordinates and individual or group based on skin color or race. It can be enacted individually or institutionally. The United States has been dominated in many aspects including the workplace since the colonial era by the rife group, Euro-Americans or Whites.White men are twice as likely to get management jobs as competent blacken men, and three times as likely as black women (Smith & Elliott, 2004). It is expected that by the form 2050 Whites are not going to be the predominant group in this nation anymore. This is because the demographics are changing very fast and many of the minority groups are increasing enormously. By the year 2000, African Americans comprised the United States largest racial minority group comprehending 12. 3 percent of the total population Nowadays Latin Americans are the largest minority group in the U. S. ollowed by Afro-Americans that are expected to be 15% by the year 2050. Seventeen million were the number of Blacks that worked in the United States by the year 2000 and it is expected that by the year 2050 there will be 27 millions of this group in the workforce. This significant amount represents an important part of the population for this country (U. S. Census, 2001). As mentioned before, diversity in the U. S. workplace is growing fast and it is bringing more opportunities t o the minority groups. But just as it brings positive things, also brings challenges, such as racial or ethnic discrimination, especially against African Americans.Although there are many types of racial discrimination, two of the most important and most common in the workplace are Direct Racial Discrimination and Indirect Racial Discrimination. The Direct Racial Discrimination is intentional and easier to recognize because the employee does not try to hide be discriminatory with another employee, but this can be very difficult to come out. In most of the cases, the person who is discriminating believes that the discriminated employee or co-worker is not going to knock or take any action against them.Some examples for this type of discrimination could be when an employee jokes that blacks cannot sit with whites while having lunch or when simply an employee makes uncomfortable comments and jokes about the skin color of another worker knowing that he is listening just to make him f eel humiliated in front of other people (Mighealth, 2007). The second type of discrimination is Indirect Racial Discrimination. It is when a supervisor or employee is committing an act of racial discrimination but tries to hide it so that it does not seem they are discriminating against the other employee.It is to place a group of African Americans in disadvantage with other groups and it is also very difficult to prove because those actions can be justified very easily. Examples of this type of racial discrimination could be when a black employee is not recognized for their job or being denied for deserved promotions while Euro Americans are not. Other cases of this type of discrimination could be when a supervisor gives similar tasks that require the same amount of work to all their subordinates but more difficult tasks to African Americans or also, not evaluating their jobs as they do with the others (Mighealth, 2007).It is important to emphasize that many American companies are account each year because of racial discrimination against African American employees. An example of this are the cases of two American companies Nike, a sportswear company, and Walgreens, the largest drugstore chain in the U. S. In the year 2007, 4 former employees of the Nike Company, who used to work in the Niketown store in Chicago, filed a racial discrimination lawsuit against the company. They accused one of the managers from the store for eferring to black employees and customers using inappropriate and discriminatory language, making false accusations against them, segregating them to low-paying jobs and sending security guards to closely monitor both employees and black customers (ABC News, July 31, 2007). According to the CBS 2, 2007, a lawsuit against Walgreens was filed based on the widespread racial bias toward thousands of black employees. The company was accused of making decisions about employee promotions and assignments based on race. There are two important enti ties that defend racial discrimination in the workplace in the United States.These are the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) and the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Title VII). The Civil Rights Act says that is illegal to discriminate against a job applicant or a current employee because of the persons skin color, national origin, religion, sex, age, disability or ge webic information. It is also illegal to discriminate against a person because they have complained of discrimination, filed charges of discrimination or has participated in an investigation of employment discrimination.This law applies to all work situations including personnel selection, hiring, firing, promotions, harassment, training, salaries and benefits. The EEOC is responsible for enforcing federal laws against discrimination in the workplace. In the year 2007 according to the statistics issued by this Commission, 30,510 racial discrimination charges were recorded, compared with 82, 792 total charges in t he workplace. In 2006 75, 768 charges were reported and 27, 238 or 35% were related to racial discrimination. In 2007, charges of racial discrimination increased 12% from the previous year, reaching their highest level in 13 years.By the year 2009, 33, 579 were the charges reported. There is an increase in discrimination against African Americans in the labor area as the statistics show, and this is expected to continue growing over the years. Racial discrimination is a social problem that is learned and can be solved with education and the help of government authorities and the various companies that comprise the workforce in the United States. Diversity in business is very beneficial, either to avoid charges of discrimination, increase productivity or the companys corporate image.Every individual, regardless of their skin color or origin, have the right as a human being, to be treated in a fair way. References Hairston, E. , & Smith, L. (1983). Black and deaf in America. Silver Sp rings, MD, TJ Publishers, Inc . Harry, B. (1992). Cultural diversity, families, and special education system Communication and empowerment. New York, NY, Teachers College. US Civil Rights Commission (2010, January). . Retrieved January 30, 2010 from , U. S. Government Web site http//www. usccr. gov/ Blank, R. M. , Dabady, M. , Citro. C. F. (2004).Measuring racial discrimination. National Research Council. Retrieved from http //www. nap. edu/openbook. php? record_id=10887=26 Smith, R. A. , Elliott, J. (2004). Race, Gender, and Workplace Power,. , 69, . doi10. 1177/000312240406900303 Grieco, E. M. , & Cassidy, R. C. (2001). Overview race and Hispanic origin 2000. Retrieved January 31, 2010 from , U. S. Census Bureau Web site http//www. census. gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-1. pdf Mighealthnet (). Explanations of race discrimination. , , 1. Retrieved from ht tp//mighealth. net/uk/index. hp/Explanations_of_Race_Discrimination Clark, A. S. (2007, March 7). Feds sue Walgreen C o. for bias class-action lawsuit alleges drugstore chain discriminates against black workers. CBS 2, , 1. Retrieved from http//www. cbsnews. com/stor ies/2007/03/07/business/main2546179. shtml U. S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (). Charge statistics fy 1997 with fy 2009. Retrieved January 30, 2010 from , U. S. Government Web site http//www. eeoc. gov/eeoc/statistics/enforcement/charges. cfm Appendix pic EEOC, 2009 Appendix pic Census, 2000 Appendix pic Census, 2008 picpic

Cost of Debt Bias

Debt is pure(a) 2. probability of default is 6 in each period. The probability is the same in all period 3. If default occurs, bondholders receive p fraction of the face (principal) value f the bond plus accrued interest. 4. Bond is sold at par, i. e. , the bonds initial price equals its principal value. . If the bond does not default, the bondholders receive the promised coupon payment. 6. Discount come outs are constant over time. At the start of each period in which the bond has yet to default, the bonds price must equal its initial price. Why? At the start of period 1, the bond promises to pay a perpetual series of interest payments and with a 6 probability of default and an a ecovery rate of p at the start of period 100, if the bond never defaulted in the previous 99 periods, the bond promises to pay a perpetual series of interest payments and with a 6 probability of default and an a recovery rate of p.The same statement is true for any and all dates in the future. Thus, the price will be the same at all dates in the future. Thus, if the bond does not default at the end of the period, at the end of a period, it is worth P + rYTM P if the bond defaults at the end of a eriod, it is worth y(P + rYTM P).

Arbitrage in the Government Market Essay

In 1991, major discrepancies in the harms of multiple desire maturity US exchequer draws seemed to appear in the market. An employee of the firm Mercer and Associates, Samantha Thompson, thought of a federal agency to exploit this opportunity in order to take advantage of a positive set difference by substituting superior binds for existing holdings. Thompson created two artificial bonds that resultd the capital flows of the 8 May 00-05 bond one for if the bond had been inviteed at the year 2000, and one for if it hadnt been called and was held to its maturity at year 2005. The first synthetic bond combined non due treasury bonds that grow in 2005 with zero coupon treasuries ( pickS) that matured in 2005. The synthetic bond had half-yearly interest payments of $4.125 per $100 face prize and a final payment of $100 at maturity in order to exactly match the gold flows of the 8 May 00-05 callable bond if it had been held to maturity. Thompson embed the outlay of this s ynthetic bond by using this patternThe ask price of the two bonds were given as $129.906 and $30.3125, respectively. She calculated the number of units needed of the 2005 treasury bond by dividing the semi-annual callable 00-05 coupon rate by the semi-annual 2005 treasury bond (4.125/6). The only part of the equation that she did not have was the number of units needed of the 2005 STRIP. She had to calculate the correct amount in order to imitate the cash flows of the 00-05 callable bond. Thompson did this by using this equation. The final cash flow of the 00-05 bond was $104.125, the final cash flow of the 2005 treasury bond was $106, and the final cash flow of the 2005 STRIP bond was $100 as there argon no coupon payments in STRIPs. She found that the number of units needed of the 2005 STRIP bond was 0.3125, and then found that the synthetic price of this bond was $98.78.The second synthetic bond combined the noncallable bonds maturing in 2000 with STRIPS maturing in 2000. This synthetic bond also had semiannual interest payments of $4.125 per $100 face value and a final payment of $100 at maturity in order to exactly match the cash flows of the 8 May 00-05 callable bond if it had been called in 2000.Through similar calculations of the first synthetic bond, she found that she needed 0.0704 units of the 2000 STRIP, and the price of this synthetic bond was $100.43. What Thompson found was surprising because both of these synthetic prices were less than the ask price of the 00-05 treasury bond. In normal markets this shouldnt be the case because the synthetic bond would be worth more to investors since it does not have a redemption right to the government. In other words, the callable bond should have a scorn price than the synthetic noncallable bond.2.thither are two ways that Thompson could exploit this determine anomaly that she found. If she already held the 00-05 treasury bond, then she could immediately capitalize on the price discrepancy by selling t he 00-05 treasury bond for the bid price of $101.125 and obtaining one of these synthetic bonds. Whether to buy the 2000 synthetic bond or 2005 synthetic bond is up for debate and opinion but it might be suggested to go with the 2005 one since the price of $98.78 is even smaller than the price of $100.43 and there would be larger price impact. By selling the 00-05 bond and buying the 2005 treasury bond, she would be getting the same cash flows for an immediate lower price. The second way that Thompson could exploit this pricing anomaly would be if she does not currently hold any bonds at all.A profit could be earned by establishing short-circuit positions in the relatively overpriced security and long positions in the relatively underpriced security. Thompson would borrow the 00-05 treasury bond from a dealer and then sell it. With that money, she would buy a synthetic bond and wait for the 00-05 treasury bond to decrease in price as prices converge. Once they do, she would buy th e 00-05 bond for a lower price and give it back to the dealer, while pocketing about $2 (given that she bought the 2005 synthetic bond). Theres plenty of risk when trying to take advantage of pricing arbitrage. For example, the prices may never converge and Thompson might end up waiting almost 15 years without anything happening. Another risk is that the dealer might call the bond back while the money is tied up in the synthetic bond. Because of these risks, it might be better if she doesnt try and take advantage of the pricing arbitrage at all.3.Through close examination, a multitude of factors could have come into play resulting in the odd pricing of Thompsons evaluated bonds. In studies conducted by Longstaff (1992) and Eldeson, Fehr, and Mason (1993) they found that negative option values were very common, ultimately implying that callable treasury bonds were signifi good dealtly overpriced (35). Although it seems odd to have a negative option value, Thompson found herself in a rapidly changing bond market with the earlier introduction of derivative securities and STRIP bonds. With the introduction of STRIP bonds in 1985, problems arise in valuing callable treasury bonds using solely zero-coupon STRIP bonds being that they tend to undervalue the implied options (Jorden et al. 36). In addition, since negative option value bonds do not have implied volatilities, this raises the question whether callable bonds are priced rationally (Bliss and Ronn 2).Furthermore into Longstaffs (1992) research, they exercised the striplets approach to investigate implied call option values. The striplets approach uses a U.S. exchequer coupon STRIPS and a coupon bond to synthesize a noncallable bond with the desired coupon (Jordan et al. 37). Longstaff finds that 61.5% of the call values are negative when estimates are based on the midpoint of the bid and ask prices, whereas 50.7% of the negative call estimates are large enough to generate profits even after considering the bi d-ask break (38). Ultimately, the odd pricing in Thompsons current situation is most likely due to the mispricing of callable bonds at the time due to the method of callable bond valuation and the early introduction of new types of bond securities in the market.4.Callable debt gives the treasury the right, but not the obligation, to redeem the callable treasuries at par (100) on any semiannual interest payment date within five years of maturity, provided that it gave investors four months notice ( merchandise in the Government Bond Market). There are multiple upsides for a company to issue callable debt. The main reason for this is to give the company (treasury) a sense of security in that they can redeem the bond in the event of an interest rate drop. For example, if the company issues bonds to investors at a 10% interest rate and then this rategoes pig to 8%, the company may redeem the callable bonds theyve issued and replace them with the lower interest rate (8%).Callable debt is essential to have when there are long maturity dates. If you issue a non-callable bond for a fixed amount of years, there is a tremendous amount of risk for the treasury. For instance, if you issue a non-callable bond with a maturity of 25 years and the interest rate goes down over the years, this negatively affects the company. Callability enables the treasury to respond to changing interest rates, refinance high-interest debts, and nullify paying more than the going rates for its long term debt (Why Companies Issue Callable Bonds).Bibliography1. Bonds 200. Why Companies Issue Callable Bonds. N.p., 24 Sept. 2014. Web. 30 Sept. 2014. 2. Jordan, Bradford D., Susan D. Jordan, and David R. Kuipers. The Mispricing of Callable U.S. Treasury Bonds A Closer Look. Journal of Futures Markets 18.1 (1998) 35-51. Web. 3. Bliss, Robert R., and Ehud I. Ronn. Callable U.S. Treasury Bonds Optimal Calls, Anomalies, and Implied Volatilities. The Journal of Business 71.2 (1998) 211-52. Web. 4. Bon ds 200. Why Companies Issue Callable Bonds. N.p., 24 Sept. 2014. Web. 30 Sept. 2014. 4. 5. Harvard Business School. Arbitrage in The Government Bond Market. N.p., 20 Sept. 2014. Web. 28 June 1995. .

Hebrew and Islamic Mythology Essay

While science and religion are nonorious for their contentious and a smashing deal violently severalise recountingship, they bear much in common in their agenda. Both set out to provide explanations for the populaces mysteries. And as such, they also share a large hand of unanswered questions. Perhaps main(prenominal) among them, the question of the reasons population, and by extension, universes ascension to awareness, is one with very few empirical explanations. And in an absence of any conclusive evidence, theories a backlash from all camps.A common draw off in historys chapters, myths regarding the Earths conception provide insight into the lives and cultures of their respective societies. In western society, the Judeo-Christian anecdote is easily the most well-known. This story is the primary constructist mythology for hu humansy monotheistic sects. Herein, paragon creates the nation in six days, with man arriving on the last. On the seventh day, the omnipotent re sts and at that placefrom, deliver-coloreds man the Sabbath.However, in the centuries that preceded the inflection point where monotheism began to take popular hold, polytheistic idolaters provided the most commonly held ideas about the earths origin. One of the earliest examples of the literate and elaborated nature that these myths could take on comes from the rich tapestry of classical mythology. The Greeks were idol-worshippers who had developed a complex and extremely colorful cast of gods. Though not omnipotent standardized the Judeo-Christian almighty, these gods were believed to possess real and considerable power over the lives of their human subjects.The Greek myth of creation is an exposition of that relationship. It was believed that, prior to earth, on that point was nothing but darkness. And amid this darkness, the only object was a black-winged bird called Nyx. This bird, solely in the void, was impregnated by the wind. (Note the parallel to the immaculate concep tion of Christ. ). As a result of this cosmic union, she yielded a golden egg, which she proceeded to roost upon for many thousands of years. Eventually, this egg hatched and the god of love, Eros, sprang forth.Just as Eros was born, so too were his siblings, whom he was precondition the honor of naming. They were the upper and lower halves of his shell, which rose to the air and sank to the ground respectively. They became the flip and the earth. Eros called them Uranus and Gaia and blessed them with love. This love resulted in children and grandchildren who would blossom into twisted, war-bent gods whose better judgment would be often blinded by a hopeless quest for power.A first-generation child of Gaia and Uranus, Kronus took a married woman in Rhea and produced many children, whom he grew to fear immensely. Kronus, a problem-solver by nature, swallowed his children piece of music they were still infants, thus preventing what he considered to be the inevitable scourge of usu rpation. The youngest of his sons, however, was also the most beloved to Rhea so she deceived her hubby into consuming a rock in the childs place. This youngest child, Zeus, would grow strong in mankind and ultimately bring to realization Kronus ampleest fear.Zeus liberated his brothers and sisters from his fathers malicious and all-consuming grasp. accordingly he led them to revolution, waging a war against the tyrannical god. In their victory, they turned their benevolent attention to the great creations of Nyx. The gods began to populate Uranus with the stars thus creating space. They began to furnish Gaia with life, thus birthing nature. After creating the appropriate backdrop, the gods recognized that the earth was correct excepting its want for animals and humans.Zeus set to the task his sons Prometheus and Epimetheus, whose names translate literally to mean maintenance and afterthought. This provides some interesting insight, perhaps, into the Greek perspective about man s intellectual capacity and ultimate self-awareness. In addition, it offers literal details about the unique abilities and idiosyncrasies that mark the species which populate the earth. When assigned to the job of aim creatures, the brothers were given a variety of gifts to offer their creations.While Epimetheus set upon the task of creating the animals and awarding them all with gifts, Prometheus cautiously sculpted man to be in the image of the gods. (Again, mans definition as being in the image of god holds much in common with Judeo-Christian creationism). When he completed his task, he found that Epimetheus had given away all the gifts, leaving humankind with the shaft. Prometheus sought to rectify the matter by stealing a trace of fire from the setting sun and giving it to man. When Zeus awoke to find man in possession of that which was to belong only to the gods, he was furious.He punished Prometheus to an eternity stapled to a tree, having his liver chewed on by vultures. But the damage was done. Man had been created and given the power of fire. There is a great deal more to Greek mythology, as with the bible. The usage of the gods takes on a wide array of purposes, stepwise divining all of mans vices and virtues. But in the story of the earths creation alone, on that point is much illumination. The Greek legend begins to tell part of the story of Greek culture insofar as it offers some true self-examination.In this story of violence, deception and a natural tendency toward roguishness, the Greeks provide a piercing look into a psyche long since perished from the world. Surviving with far greater ideological inspiration are those creation myths driving modern faith. The traditional structure of the dominant monotheistic faiths incorporates a yarn regarding the creation of earth and man into its formative doctrines. Herein is typically contained an originating explanation for the relationship in the midst of god, man, paradise and earth that pr ovides grounding for the entirety of the faiths sacred text.This is a fundamental commonality between the texts of the Hebrew Bible and the Holy Quran, both of which dedicate significant portions of their second chapters to delineating the story of the first man. It is prominent to compare the qualifyings concerning the creation of the first man as they appear in the two texts. Though straightaway Judaism and Islam function almost as antecedents to one another, with their practitioners often viewing their respective texts as placing them into diametric and working opposition of one another, these passages provide evidence of their common derivation.The creation myths of the two religions suggest that their political, social and ethnical differences today may stem from the nuances therein, which had the effect of placing their interests in close confines with one another while arming them with divergent perspectives on how best to achieve said interests. The details surrounding theologys deliverance of crack to the tend are essentially the alike according to the two texts, but the phraseology of each calls for closer speculation.In generation, the first book of the Hebrew Bible, beau ideal follows his work of creating the heaven and the earth by creating man Then the LORD divinity formed man of the dust of the ground, and tiped into his nostrils the breath of life and man became a living soul.. (Gen. 27) From here is taken a substantial self-assertion in the Judeo-Christian faith which proceeds from it, that man is created in the image and likeness of God. The breath of God, this passage indicates, circulates in the body of every man, suggesting a responsibility to godliness for all of us.The Quran, in its recognition of the same deliverance to the Garden, fussts a different image in acknowledgment of Gods endowment of life. In keeping with a prominent thematic impulse of the Quran, convicting its readers to note the distinction in fates for beli evers and nonbelievers, the phrase render Adams creation is posed with a similar connotation How do you deny Allah and you were shortly and He gave you life? Again He will cause you to die and again bring you to life, accordingly you shall be brought back to Him. (Koran, 228) This is a passage which demands not just belief in the creationist role of Allah but also a devotion to eradicating or combating non-belief. More explicitly and ideologically pertinent though, it carries with it a description of the process of reincarnation. Man, in this passage, is described as an entity being fully at the mercy of God within the bonds of the creator-to-created relationship. And where the berth into Gods image, held in the Hebrew Bible, ultimately predisposed man to elysian im mortality, this infinitude is represented differently in Islam.The overtones of reincarnation here suggest that man is not considered to be made in the image of God, nor even an cistron of the earth as also implied by Genesis 27, but is a soul perpetually disposed to take forms according to the will of Allah. This does not necessarily indicate a fundamental difference in the dispositions of the gods in question, Yahweh and Allah in the bible and Quran respectively. In Genesis, there is an articulated statement regarding Gods willingness and right, as creator, to snuff out his subject for wrong-doing of his law.At the time, this law was constituted summarily of one directive in which the LORD God commanded the man, verbalize Of every tree of the garden thou mayest freely eat but of the tree of the knowledge of dependable and evil, thou shalt not eat of it for in the day that thou eatest thereof thou shalt surely die. (Gen. 216-17) These foreboding words are those which assured our mortality on an earth characterized as the forum for shipping from the Garden. The air which god breathed into us through Adams nostrils would, as God promised, be the price paid for partaking of the fruit.This fa ll from the grace of godly immortality would define the nature of mans life-cycle, and by extension, theoretical concepts such as time and space and spiritual assumptions about death and the afterlife. Gods proposition to Allah as depicted in the Quran is not endowed with the same consequence, perhaps a harvest-feast of the initial divergence between the two texts with regard to the fundamental construct of man in relation to his god And We said O Adam Dwell you and your wife in the garden and eat from it a plenteous (food) wherever you wish and do not approach this tree, for then you will be of the unjust. (Koran, 235) The fall from grace is described quite differently here, with man incurring no such threat as explicit as a certain death. This is a condition already possessed of man in the passage concerning his formation. It is not a punishment but a state of being given grounded in mans relationship to Allah. Original sin is still a common element to the doctrines of the two fa iths, but its consequences appear as quite different actually. In the Hebrew Bible, the serpent is a creature which plays the role of deceiver and, by metaphorical extension, the antithetical and fundamentally evil counterpart to Gods unchanging benevolence.This is contrasted by the Qurans direct address of a Satan figure, a victimisation affirming its composition as having occurred at a far later date than that of Genesis But the shaytan made them both fall from it, and caused them to depart from that (state) in which they were and We said Get forth, some of you being the enemies of others, and there is for you in the earth an abode and a provision for a time. (Koran, 236) A punishment dealt herein concerns mans occupation of earth as a home, with God endowing it only a bounded capacity to host mortal life.Again, the contrast between the implications to mans punishment for Original viciousness in the two texts can be traced to the contrast in mans assumed composition. In the H ebrew Bible, God punished Eve and her offspring to a perpetuity of painful childbearing and unto Adam He said Because thou hast hearkened unto the voice of thy wife, and hast eaten of the tree, of which I commanded thee, saying Thou shalt not eat of it goddamned is the ground for thy sake in toil shalt thou eat of it all the days of thy life. (Gen. 317)In this passage, a fundamental difference in perspective is illuminated, that mans lot, to toil on the land, is a punishment profoundly connected to his violation of Gods will and his organic relationship to the soil. Where the Garden of Eden was a sanctuary at Adams disposal, the Earth would be his responsibility and his shackles. His mortality would be profoundly chained to his capacity to manage the earth. Where Islam casts its subjects as inhabitants of a land inevitably bound to eventually leave them to resource-deprived oblivion, Judaism confines its followers to a eternity of suffering knowledge of the earths hard reality.God tells Adam of this fate as being a mixed blessing, with the knowledge every bit capable of delivering him to pain and pleasure, for God doth know that in the day ye eat thereof, then your eyes shall be opened, and ye shall be as God, knowing good and evil. (Gen. 35) In a way, this is a complete fulfilment of mans emulation of the creator-image just as it is the downfall from godliness. Indeed, the serpent cavorts Eve by say her that she and Adam will be endowed with knowledge and fortitude, and be gods themselves.In exchange for this transgression, god casts man without guidance into the desert abyss. This is contrasted by the denouement of original sin in the Quran, where Allah casts his children out but does so under the auspices of mercy We said Go forth from this (state) all so surely there will come to you a guidance from Me, then whoever follows My guidance, no fear shall come upon them, nor shall they grieve. (Koran, 238) Here, God reaffirms his commitment to man even in his failing, offering him an unconditional love as sanctuary for the pain and suffering of the land.The intricacies that differentiate the two texts offer a useful set of variations on a creation story that is highly associated with the evolution of monotheism. Particularly, the mutual centrality of the texts on mans role and purpose in the earths creation and the heavens sanctity illustrates the capacity of each to elucidate its pursuant(predicate) cultures views on Gods divine plan for humanity. Bibliography Fahs, Sophia Lyon, Spoerl, Dorothy T. Beginnings Earth, Sky, Life, Death.Beacon Press. Boston. 1965. Freund, Philip. Myths of Creation. Washington self-coloured Press, Inc. New York City. 1965. Koran Text. (1997 edition). The Holy Quran. University of Virginia Online Book Initiative. Online at Masoretic Text. (JPS 1917 Edition). A Hebrew-English Bible. Mechon Mamre. Online at

Why Did the Founding Fathers Create a Constitution Based

Why did the founding fathers create a opus based on the views of interval of major indi cigarettets, checks and balances, federal officialism and the bill of rights? The founding fathers wanted to create a constitution because many believed that the case political relation had to be stronger than what it had been with the use of the Articles of Confederation. But at the same time they were fearful of gentleman nature and how often it could be seen in the history of early(a) countries such as Britain, for people in the position of power to infringe on the rights of others, by becoming hungry with power.Taking this into account, they wanted to create a government with a nonher power to retain order and to govern. But too make sure thither were sufficient checks throw in place so that the government could never exercise power that threatens private liberties. The constitution created a government with a written set of shapes to follow which it could not infringe upon. This in itself was unrivaled way to create a limited government, which is a main factor in wherefore the founding fathers created a constitution.The Founding fathers in any case wanted to divide power in different ways, in some other attempt to prevent its future abuse. The three main concepts within the constitution ar separation of powers, cheques and balances, and federalism. The founding fathers origin on the wholey debated w here power should ultimately lie Alexander Hamilton suggested that a unitary system would be the best. This is where the power lies with the central authority many knew that this would never become, as the country is far too high-risk and diverse. There were even hints at a monarchy but George Washington quickly made his feelings on the idea open. It is an idea I must view with adherence and reprimand with severity George mason on the other hand was in support of a cooperator system, this is where the states would be split up , and then all have to agree on individual issues. There are very few examples of a confederate system working, and it is clear to see why it would not work in in America, as it would be very difficult to range all the states to agree on individual issues, due to the diversity of the country.The origin to this problem was suggested by James Madison, which was quite simply a mixture of the cardinal systems unitary and confederate. This is where power is divided between central and state government. National or delegated powers are powers only exercised by the national government, examples of this today would be the right to print money, and the right to declare war. Some examples of concurrent or divided up powers are the right to borrow money, and make and enforce law. An example of a state or silent power is the right to regulate intrastate commerce or create corporation laws.This was through with(p) for two main reasons, the first being to limit centralised power, and presidential power, and secondly so that states would agree to the constitution. The states also agreed for two other reasons , one being the Connecticut compromise, and the other being the Bill of rights , which nearly American historians just count as part of the original constitution, but it wasnt actually added bowl 4 years later, Madison claimed it was important as You must specify your liberties. The Connecticut compromise was created to keep the small states happy, so that they would agree to the constitution.The geographicly small states wanted repre displaceation based on population, not on size of state, when the biggest states with the smallest population wanted it to be based on the flat rate. So the political compromise was that in the House of Representatives, representation was based on population, and in the senate it was based on the geographical size of a state. The bill of rights is a document that American historians claim is part of the original constitution, although it was sent off to the ind ividual states 4 years later.It was there to clearly show the rights of the people, so that they could never be taken away. The 1st amendment included freedoms such as freedom of assembly and free speech or the 2nd amendment which is the right for everyone to bear arms. It is often shouted out by gun associations when the government tries to put restrictions on the ownership of guns. The founding fathers put this in place so that it would outline in to a greater extent the detail the precise freedoms of the people, which also helped to convince the smaller states.The constitution splits the power given to national government into three branches, which are resolve from to each one other the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary. The separation of powers was based on the ideas of Montesquieu, with him Lesprit de lois which gist the spirit of the law. The executive plays the role of administrating law. The president does this in many ways , for example he executes federal la ws and programs, conducts foreign policy , commands the armed forces, negotiates treaties and other such roles.Checks and balances another main factor of the constitution comes in here, as the people get to keep a check on the president every 4 years with the presidential election, which stops any absolutism of powers. This can also be seen in another branch of government. The legislature be givenes law, this is done through congress. sexual intercourse is made up of the Senate and the House of Representatives. Its roles include set interstate and foreign commerce , creating and maintaining the armed forces , printing money, declaring war , and other such roles.The power here is limited in two ways, which is exactly what the founding fathers wanted its done through a 6 year change of the senate, which rotates 1/3 of its members for election every 2 years. This is also done in the House of Representatives, as they have to run for re-election every 2 years, this means that represe ntatives have to get things the public want done, or they can just be kicked out. This keeps power in the hands of the many, which is also how they wanted to constitution to work. The last branch is the Judiciary, its role is to interpret and enforce the law.It is able to stay separate from the other branches, as it operates heavily outside the government, but also because nothing maintains the independence of the judiciary to a greater extent than its permanency in office. It is also tied to the other two branches, as if the president wants to pass a law, it must get through congress and through the Supreme Court, as they can rule it unconstitutional, so the founding fathers created a system so that every branch was a check on each other, this also creates a system, where politics becomes the art of compromise.This system of checks and balances means that all the branches have to work together, and have to compromise. relation back holds its check on the president in different way s, such as Congress is able to impeach and remove a president, although impeachment does require a 2/3 mass of house, and remotion 2/3 of the senate. Congress can also override a presidential veto, this also requires a 2/3 majority in both houses, but this system means that no one branch can hold far more power than another which is another example of why the founding fathers chose such a system.It also holds other powers such as rejecting treaties which limits presidential foreign policy. Congress also holds checks over the judiciary. It can do this by proposing constitutional amendments, and impeaching and removing judges with the 2/3 majority in the senate. This also shows us that the judiciary can never hold too much power over the president or congress, which is another example of how the founding fathers wanted the constitution to work. There are also powers given to the other two branches of government, which help to keeps checks, so that they can all counter each other with enough majority.But a problem with this is that it can lead to political gridlock, and this means very bitty can get done, which is not what the founding fathers intended. To conclude, the founding fathers created a constitution that meant that power could never be held within the hands of the few, but with the many. It also created checks on power in every branch of government, not just from the people, but from the branches themselves acting as checks against each other.They had wanted to create a system that worked this way, because of the tyranny that could be seen in other countries. This is why George Washington destroyed any idea of a monarchy, he wanted the United States of America to be founded on principles the promoted compromise, and freedom, and equality. It was also meant to act as a plosive on any future tyranny, or corruption of power, but it also creates problems in itself, as it can lead to political gridlock, but no political system is perfect.

The Diaspora Studies

In diaspora studies the major component to focus on is identity. In Hamids The Reluctant Fundamentalist smart mainly brought out the negative side of the States. Ingredients manage ending, religion, food and language are important issues to push-down storage with identity. People endlessly identified by their culture so the presence of culture and identity assorted with each other. In this novel heathenish identity has processed the main role among the geniuss.The character Changez struggled to have intercourse stable identity for him and for his country. The readers can comprehend that America and Pakistan have some connection in regards cultural and political aspects. He sacrificed for his real identity, his Pakistani culture and his customs to follow westerly culture and western identity.Being in America his dual identity did not win even though he cannot forget his hybrid culture and cannot follow only one identity. After coming back from America since he taught his stud ents about Anti- American issues. He did not abandon American biography, but trying to hang on connected with it.He was not happy by sacrificing his real identity since he had witnessed bitter experience. He was not comfortable and his identity remains unstable. When Changez went to America, he did shave his beard instead he protests against American society and show his indifference against America. He did not give up the original culture for the stake of safeguarding him.His social situations molded him to turn against alien country. In the novel the kite runner by Khaled Hosseini the character Amirs immigrant experience was worse and then he guesss that following ones own culture was difficult and challenging in a new country. He realized that the lives of immigrant will be changing according to the changes taking stern in a new country.In the novel A passage to India by E. M. Forster readers can understand the relationship east and west. If east and west follows best relati onships between them there will not be any conflicts. Through A Passage to India people understand the intermingling culture of east and west always lead into the major problem and the supremacy of the west.All the western countries have the false opinion on the east and that need be changed. The component of hybrid culture plays a prominent role in the lives of people. In the novel American Brat by Bapsi Siddwah the character Feroza was the respect and influenced by American like the character Changez.Ferozas life was totally changed after the immigration experience in the west. She was easily adapted to the culture and tradition of America. When she returned to Pakistan continued to follow American culture that was many in liberation. Changez at first admired by the American dream, but at last he erased his admiration towards America. In contrary Ferozas immigrant life changes in a positive way.

Political Efficacy Essay

FACT No sour person has ever been elected as president of the United States of America. FACT In enkindle of Blacks considerable population in America, very(prenominal) few Black Re bear witnessatives atomic number 18 elected if elected, they still repose in pathetic positions in the judicature. These concepts remain to be unsolved puzzles that need deeper attending. These lead me to do a research regarding the present situation of Blacks in their semi governmental plantation and their way of thinking and behaving with regards to semi policy-making matters that concerns them. This root focuses mainly on how the issue on policy-making strength among Blacks largely put ons the views of people around the population. The musical composition aims to answer the major question What major factors affect trends and even inconsistency in policy-making qualification among Blacks? Based on my research, at that place be six major causes on why Blacks fetch very low political capability compared to non-Blacks, namely separatism, political cynicism, socio-stinting shape, and awareness of inequality. These issues among Blacks concern us altogether. We preempt visit that Blacks have been a great part of dry land history and have major contributions on the worlds culture. The Blacks are the representation of almost t forbidden ensemble the early(a) races in the world. My point is, in our world today, the mirror of reality shows us the 2 divisions of the world the Whites, and the rest of the world. What is happening to the Blacks in almost entirely equipment casualty of their lives is happening to the rest of the world. Despite of their great number compared to Whites, the Whites still out-numbered them in terms of political, economical, educational, amicable, and all other rights.This research on political expertness endure fill or web the gap primarily between the Whites and the Blacks. This paper go out present the take ins of the factor s of political might (separatism, socio-economic emplacement, etc.) on the Blacks so that when there comes a time that the government leave alone make policies, they know how these policies whitethorn affect the Blacks. The paper will besides focus on the involvement and behavior of non-Blacks that might affect or is already affecting Blacks behavior and concerns in politics.LITERATURE REVIEW Scholars even from the past have been implicated in studying political behaviors of the Blacks. One of the primary reasons of their interest might be the paradox on the large population but low political efficacy among Blacks. Sense of political efficacy, according to Campbell, is the sense that whateverbody political action does have, or can have an impact upon political process. governmental efficacy as a whole is slightly the impact of the individual citizen the citizen affects political and social processes through elections, lobbying and other way of influencing political actors w ho in turn are expected to be responsive to the citizens interests and implement polity through their melt and decisions putively. (Schneider 2006, p.1) Scholars construct several theories regarding political efficacy and conduct vast number of researches much(prenominal) as interviews, surveys, and observations. They even consult different books, magazines and journal publications about political efficacy. Scholars present theories and go deeper to conclusion about the patterns, cause, behavioral conditions, internal and external factors that might be the key to relieveing the issues on political efficacy among Blacks. Ananat and Washington pointed that sequestration has a negative impact on Black political efficacy. The more segregate the metro areas are, the slight likely that its residents are represented in the United States House by an individual who is from the Democratic Party or who votes in accordance with the desires of Black residents on civil rights and other issues. We do however find evidence that in more discriminate areas, non-Blacks are more likely to cave in negative views of Blacks and of the policies that aid Blacks. As Blacks are a minority of the population, in all metro areas, this polarization could explain the finding that Black civic efficacy is decreasing in segregation. (Ananat and Washington 2006, p.4) Poverty and sequent environment of deprivation were the driving factors in low levels of political efficacy (Woodly p.2). Ananat and Washington also bear when they tell that lower income subgroups are less(prenominal) likely to vote. They even mention that Blacks in more segregated metropolitan areas are fare worse than their counterparts in less segregated areas on a mutation of economic outcomes (2006 p.20 & 26). According to Schley, R. Lyons, political cynicism is the principle that the government officials and authorities can non be rely. At all political levels of education, Black youth felt less politically efficacious and were more cynical than white youth. This has been remarkably constant across time and region. Woodly argues that because of Blacks awareness of inequality, they are both less politically trusting and less politically efficacious. (Woodly p.27) The Clark tests found that Black children were more ambivalent about the racial identities than White and they identify themselves more closely with Whites. (Woodly p.11) This statement alone will show that Blacks tend to lose trust in the government on whether they will be given equal rights like the Whites as they give out their votes. These doubts will prove the unwillingness of the Blacks to vote.In this era of globalization, the media takes part in almost all the events that concerns the peoples view on everyday news and issues. Robinson (1976) argues that increase viewing of television programs increases the frustration with the political body and cynicism. Similarly, media use might also reduce the feeling of control h eld by the political institutions over the world. (Schneider 2006 p. 3) From all these sources that I have gathered, I have observed one inconsistency in the work of Ananat and Washington. They stated that the more segregated Blacks are the more touch modality they have with other Blacks and the more likely they are to be able to bend Black political behavior. However, they also mention a contradicting statement that segregation decreases Black voter turnout and/or increases non-Black voter turnout resulting in a decrease in Black civic efficacy. The problem with some writers is they did not consider the other factors that may have an effect on political efficacy of Blacks such as history, religious beliefs and family or tribes traditions. There are also statements and even researches that are not very much relevant to the topic. The purpose of this paper is to summarize the points of the authors in the different works related to my topic for us to view the big picture.THEORIES AND HYPOTHESESFactors of semipolitical aptitude in Blacks In the effort of explaining the present situation and behavior of political efficacy among Blacks, we first explain some concepts that I have crossed referenced from a number of literatures and arguments that tackles the analogous concept of political efficacy (as given in the review of literature). And from these sources, I have derived these following certain points and factors wherein I believe political efficacy among Blacks can be further explained and in these factors I have given closer worry and consideration.Racial Segregation. In this study of political efficacy in Blacks, it is impossible not to consider the placement and limitations of interactions of Blacks with other races which gives the concept of segregation or racial segregation. Racial segregation is quite different from racial discrimination the latter beingness ranging from individual actions to enforced discriminatory behavior. Racial segregation i s typically the spacial and institutional separation of races as exemplified by separate neighborhoods, attending different schools and receiving different social run (Wikipedia).Economic Status. Although economic status have numerous call backings and measures, its use and meaning will be in accordance with the context of income. In this study, we use poverty rates as the general measure of economic status a measure that can be easily quantified and compared in the process of analysis.Political Cynicism. Literally, cynicism is the belief of using self-interest as the main motive of behavior (Wikipedia). In the political context, political cynicism can be defined as the belief that government officials and authorities can not be trusted (Woodly, p. 2). From this definition, we can plainly use political cynicism as a measure of external political inefficaciousness as suggested by opposition of the government and its policies.Self-esteem. In its common term, can literally and pla inly mean trust to ones self. In the context of this study, egoism will be constantly co-ordinated with self-efficacy and political efficacy as well. However, this does not mean that self efficacy and self-esteem are the same it may even mean the opposite at times. Woody even supports the difference between the two and limited self-efficacy as the sense of competence or personal control of ones self (Woody, p. 13).Institutional Inequality. Because this study is about the behavior of a certain race or identity, it can not be helped that certain clashes and conflicts are met in between this race and the environment. As we study the behavior of Blacks, we will also consider their interactions with the non-Blacks. Institutional inequality can be referred to as the dominance of non-Blacks over Blacks considering the mental unsoundness in number of representations and policies in the government and other institutions.Black Political Efficacy as a Whole In the comparative works done in u nderstanding the political efficacy on blacks in its current context, this paper addresses the matter as a byproduct and inter social intercourse of numerous factors and events and not just a simple cause and effect phenomena. Although rigorous studies and measures were made in trying to explain black political efficacy as a whole, we now try to get a bigger picture by compiling these works and adding new factors into the matter such as the social events that may have affected the present situation. As earlier discussed in this study, numerous inconsistencies and non-correlation of factors have been observed and given much attention. This includes the inconsistencies on segregation (of Blacks and Whites) and the matter itself of political efficacy in the work of Ananat and Washington(2006). In the work of Ananat and Washington (2006), it has been stated that the more blacks have contact with each other, the more likely they will influence political behavior (Ananat and Washington 20 06, p. 3). But then again, she then deduced that segregation or groupings of Blacks causes political inefficacy as prescribed by their voter-turnout (Ananat and Washington 2006, p. 20).Judging these statements, we now turn on the assumption that there is a different driving factor that correlates segregation and political efficacy among Blacks. Having these views, we now look at another concept political cynicism among Blacks. Although there may be relations between political cynicism and segregation, the relation is very vague. In another study (Woodly), political efficacy among Blacks was found to be quite change among communities, may it be segregated from Whites or not.Having established the contrast between the two (segregation and political cynicism), political cynicism and Black political efficacy can now be correlated independent of segregation. Just form the definition itself of political cynicism it is no longer a question that cynicism importantly correlates with low po litical efficacy more particularly with external political efficacy. We can now eliminate segregation and ppolitical efficacy and take a much closer look at cynicism in further understanding this subject. Although segregations direct link with political efficacy has been disproven, we now look upon how it indirectly affects efficacy by being a variable in other considerable factors. In the same study between segregation and efficacy (Ananat and Washington 2006), economic status as measured by rates of poverty was tackled as it varies in segregated and non-segregated areas.To think the point of comparisons between segregation and economic status, we must first see how economic status and political efficacy relates to each other. Through additional studies, it was significantly concluded that political efficacy among Blacks decreases in communities of high poverty rates. These are supported by reports that lower income sub-groups are less likely to vote (Ananat and Washington 2006, p . 20). This exemplifies that Blacks loses trust and rely in the political issues, government policies, and even in the government itself when they are in low income status. We now establish the trend that as economic status increase, political efficacy increases as well.We now go back to the comparisons between segregation and economic status among Blacks. The trend exhibits a very high correlation between being segregated and being of low economic status among Blacks, and vice versa (Ananat and Washington 2006, p. 20). The opposite goes to Whites, the more they are in less contact with Blacks, the higher their economic status is (Ananat and Washington 2006, p. 20).From here, we may deduce that in non-segregated areas where Whites interact more with Blacks, it seems that Whites are less productive or work-oriented. Intuitively, we can sense the concept of power-play between Blacks and Whites. And based on these assumptions, we can now introduce another factor into the matter of pol itical efficacy among Blacks the concept of institutional inequality.In this matter of institutional inequality, we may find that non-Blacks has the need to be segregated from and dominant over Blacks for social and economic efficiency, as supported by Ananat and Washingtons study. In the point of view of Blacks, this is very apparent and the effect to their economic actions has been proven. In metro areas where there are more ruminate and income opportunities, it has been found that these are also the places where Blacks are the minority of the population (Ananat and Washington 2006, p. 4).This play of domination is not just in the context of the working office. In further studies, it seems that these trends have rooted from the pillars of the social residential district more specifically from the childhood environment. In the findings of Kardiner and Ovesey (1951), it is significantly seen that Black children have negative evaluation of themselves, thence giving room for the c oncept of inequality.The more alarming idea in this study is that these children tend to outgrowth having cynicism tendencies at these young ages (Lyons 1970, p. 290). At these stages, studies have concluded that Black children derive their self-esteem by blaming the system or the government itself (McCarthy and Yancey 1971). These statements are supported by Hughes tests wherein the self-efficacy of these children which is defined as competence and self-control significantly scores lower than non-Black children.Relating this to political efficacy, we may find that this institutional inequality really does exist in the community. This then causes economic drops in the status of Black adults, and at the same time, develops the tendencies of children for political cynicism. Having laid all these factors into the way, this leads nowhere else but to the decreased political efficacy among Blacks.CONCLUSION Political efficacy among Blacks is not barely a matter of societal chance and th inking it has a more complicated nature wherein a number of factors constantly defy and support each other. Although there are already numerous studies concerning the political efficacy in Blacks, it is found that there may be points and arguments that need more detail and attention and some may even be misinterpreted and in clear up.The interrelation between segregation and political efficacy, though thoroughly studied and measured, in the end is found to have no direct link after all. However, having a direct effect on economic status (segregated areas have lower economic use for Blacks), segregation is still a factor in this matter. Economic downfall (measured by poverty rates), turns out to be a good reason and explanation of being less efficacious.On the other hand, the concept of political cynicism has no doubt the most understandable direct relation with political efficacy in Blacks. alone from its definition of opposition to the government, political inefficacy increase al ong with levels of cynicism.Institutional inequality, by being present in a number of ways, has a lot of bearing in the status of Blacks. Its evident effect in economic status is proven by giving more financial advantage to the imposing race or group. And in turn, having deflected economic outcomes, affects political efficacy of Blacks. Not only that, these imbalance in equality is a basis of varying self-esteem. obviously, those of the dominating class will have higher self-esteem than the lower class, which in this case are the Blacks.The status of Blacks in the community though it may be ignored and jeopardized is still should be of concern to each and everyone. Although this study of literature and points of different authors about political efficacy is not a substitute in solving the problem stated, I hope to lighten and broaden the points by trying to look in different perspectives in the hopes of clearing out conflicts that may be or is already there.Having scanned and analy zed the articles concerning political efficacy among Blacks, I also have done my part in further strengthening their arguments and if needed also try to clarify and correct some inconsistencies and conflicts for intellectual purposes. But most of all, this paper is intended for readers to understand the situation and thinking of sonny boy Blacks, so that in the future we may have a deeper knowledge and consideration in our actions as to how it may affect each and every one of us.ReferencesAnanat, Elizabeth O. and Washington, Ebonya. 2006. Segregation and Black Political Efficacy. New Haven, CT Yale University Press.Hughes, M. a. D. H. D. 1989. Self-Perceptions of Black Americans Self-Esteem andPersonal Efficacy. The American Journal of Sociology 95(1)132159.Kardiner, A., and Ovesey, L. 1951. The Mark of Oppression. New York Norton.Lyons, S. 1970. The Political Socialization of Ghetto Children Efficacyand cynicism. Journal of Politics 32 288-304.McCarthy, J. and W. L. Yancey. 1971. Reply to Washington by McCarthy and Yancey.American Journal of Sociology. 77 590.Schneider, Daniel. Extending Political Efficacy Voters Perceptions of Efficacy of Elected Officials. June 2006. http//www.stanford.edu/danielsc/prop_nes_pilot_2006.pdf (November 30, 2007).Wikipedia. Racial segregation. December 3, 2007. http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_segregation (December 3, 2007).Wikipedia. Cynicism. November 30, 2007. http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynicism (December 3, 2007).Woodly, Deva. Black Youth Book Project Political Efficacy Literature Review. http//blackyouthproject.uchicago.edu/primers/reviews/efficacy.pdf (November 30, 2007).