Components of Consumer Information Processing Case Study

Components of Consumer Information Processing - Case Study Example As a consumer, I consider myself a more of utilitarian than hedonic. This mean whenever I am shopping I always aim at maximizing utility. I view shopping as a task which I have to program first, then conduct a proper search in order to get the a product or a service with desired specifications to satisfy my need. I normally seek functional, instrumental, and practical benefits. A recent Study on why people go shopping has revealed that shopping experience can provide to the consumer with a combination of both utilitarian value and hedonic value. Utilitarian value is task oriented and cognitive in nature. On the other hand, hedonic value is tied to the emotional aspect of the shopping experience. A consumer perceive a utilitarian value if they acquire they acquire product that necessitated their shopping trip, while at the same time perceive hedonic value if they enjoyment of the shopping experience. For these reason although I put more emphasis on maximizing a product utility, I also enjoy a shopping experience that offer both utilitarian and hedonic value satisfaction. The components of the consumer information processing are important to the business in various aspects. First, it is important to note that the volume of sales as well as the profitability of the business depends on the consumer buying behavior. These components include the exposure stages, retention, yielding, comprehension, and the attention. The exposure component triggers the stimuli of the consumer to acquire the product. The information processing is important to the business in that attracts the attention of many consumers hence the customer base of the organization is bound to increase significantly (Roy and Ian 372). It facilitates the provision of the necessary information to the consumers and thus, helps the consumer in making decision to buy the product. It provides the clear image of the product whilst providing the consumer with information regarding

Teaching plan for a 8 year old with diabeties Essay

Teaching plan for a 8 year old with diabeties - Essay Example Additionally, school nurses are mandated to make referrals based on a clinical judgment. The major groups involved in school nursing include; toddlers, adults, school age children, teenagers and preschoolers (HAAD, 2010). Some of the screening roles of a student nurse involve vision, posture and body mass screening. This is done to recognize any deviations from normal health. America Academy of Pediatrics (2008) posits that other vital roles of a student nurse include provision of leadership during the endowment of health services and the promotion of a school health environment. A healthy environment concerns emotional safety and implementation of precautions against infectious diseases. Safety school plans help in addressing bullying issues, violence and all emergencies that may be witnessed at school. The leadership role of a student nurse is also extended to health programs and policies. It is also worth noting that for nursing services to be well provided, a student nurse has to ensure that school personnel and health care providers are coordinated. Some of the direct care roles of a student nurse are to conduct detailed assessments of systematic health. Such an assessment entails data analysis so as to identify problems in health. Thereafter, care plans that are individualized are formulated. Usually, the student nurse also has the responsibility of ensuring that ongoing information regarding health is communicated to school authorities and students as care is provided (HAAD, 2010). Another important role of student nurses concerns supervision of immunization programs. My encounter with a student nurse revealed a lot of issues that concern accountability, integrity and confidentiality. To start with, she maintains both verbal and written communication modes with all the staff and doctors so that the safety of students can be guaranteed. Medications are also stored in secure rooms so that individualized medical care is to be attained. Medical services are also availed 24 hours to the students, and all information handled with utmost confidentiality. Exceptional nursing standards are put in place to enhance the efficiency of individualized care. During my stay with a student nurse, an 11 year old patient with diabetes came. The patient said that he suffered from increased thirst, hunger and hyperglycemia. Additionally, the diabetic patient had frequent episodes of urination. This was an opportunity to discuss with the care giver of the 11 year old and the school nurse concerning the issue diabetes. The outcome was that the 11 year old should engage in physical exercise, eat a lot of fruits and vegetables and reduce intake of sugars that can predispose a patient to risks. In addition, the caregiver and should help the monitor the blood sugar of the diabetic patient at home and school respectively. The student nurse counseled the family regarding the importance of adhering to diabetic’s medication. Assessment The assessment is ab out an 11 year old student whose medical history reveals that he has diabetes. His past medical history also reveals that all immunization procedures were adhered to. However, records in the file reveal that the family has a diabetic history. The child has a weight of 50 kgs and a height of 132 cm. This puts him at risk of juvenile diabetes as his body mass index is 28.70. This is the most optimal stage for peer interaction and skills enhancement for the patient. The patient is on a

Working Towards Flight Essay Example for Free

Working Towards Flight Essay Initially, the Wrights relied heavily upon the aeronautical literature of their day, but found errors in the Smeaton Coefficient. They decided to devise their own tables relating air pressure to wing shape by building a wind tunnel and testing two hundred different wing shapes in it. The new understanding they had drawn from these studies; combined with their working with bicycles, gears, shop motors; and knowing how to balance while riding a bicycle, were all critical to their success in creating the mechanical aero plane. Charlie Taylor served as their assistant, who helped them with construction of the engine, while the two focused on creating the design (that would sometimes lead to heated arguments). The brothers alone did all of the theoretical work and most of the aspects of construction. The brothers agree with Lilienthal’s idea and strategy to practice gliding in order to master the art of control before attempting flight with a motor. The death if Percy Pilcher in a hang gliding crash reinforced their theory that a reliable method of pilot control and not the so called built-in stability, was the key to achieving success and safety of flight. Even at the outset of their experiments they had already recognized control as the third unsolved part of â€Å"the flying problem†. They had confidence of possessing sufficient knowledge of the other two issues: wings and engines (T. Crouch. The Bishop Boys). Here in lies the Wright brother’s edge over the other more recognized practitioners of the day such as Ader, Maxim and Langley, who focused on building powerful engines, attaching them to airframes that are equipped with unproven devices, and expecting to take fly to the air without previous piloting experience. And although they agreed with Lilienthal’s idea of practice, the brothers deemed his method of balance and control thru shifting of body weight, terribly inadequate (J. Tobin. To Conquer the Air). They observed birds which led Wilbur to conclude that these birds change the angle of the ends of their wings in order to make their bodies roll to the right or left. They further concluded that this principle could also be applied in making a flying machine turn. They also hoped this method would enable the craft to achieve lateral balance that is, be able to recover when the wind tilted the machine to one side. They wondered how this could possibly be translated to man-made wings. They soon accidentally discovered wing-warping when Wilbur idly twisted a long inner tube box at their bicycle shop. The Wright brothers greatly differed from their predecessors and contemporary inventors since these other aeronautical inventors regarded flight as if it were no different from surface locomotion, except that the surface would be elevated. Their concept of control where no different of a ship’s rudder for steering: as a train or an automobile or a ship is at the surface, so does the flying machine as it stays up in the air. Most of these investigators sought of achieving the ideal of â€Å"inherent stability†; since they believe that the pilot would be unable to effectively use mechanical controls. The brothers on the other hand, wanted the pilot to have absolute control of the machine, as they could probably relate it to riding a bicycle. For these reason, even their early designs were not created for built-in stability like dihedral wings. They purposely designed their 1903 flyer with anhedral wings, which are inherently unstable. Wilbur tested his wing-warping theory by building and flying a five-foot box kite. Warping was controlled by four lines attached to the kite. These lines would lead to two sticks held by the â€Å"pilot† or kite flyer, tilting them in opposite directions in order to twist the wings and make the kite bank left or right. It was successful. By 1900, the brothers journeyed to Kitty Hawk in North Carolina upon Chanute’s suggestion of choosing a sandy coastal area for regular breezes and to have a soft landing surface to launch their manned gliding experiments. Their first full-size glider was based on the design of Chanute-Herring’s â€Å"double-decker†, which was a biplane hang glider braced by wires. Most of these kite tests were unmanned. Wing-warping tests were conducted using control ropes from the ground. Wilbur would often make a dozen free glides in one single day. These tests would take them to walk four miles south to the Kill Devil Hills, where sand dunes up to 100 feet high could be found. Generally, these initial tests were considerably encouraged the brothers seeing the craft’s front elevator working well without any accidents, even though the glider’s lift was less than expected. The second glider was built with much larger wing areas. In the months of July and August of 1901, it was flown 50 to 100 times covering a distance of 20 to 400 feet (See â€Å"Wright Brothers Aeroplane Company†).

Features of Exploitation Strategy

Features of Exploitation Strategy 1.1 Exploitation Strategy Exploitation analysis and activities go on for the entire life of the project, taking advantage of every progress-step and achievement. The exploitation approach of the project has been structured in a recurrent cycle in which every step enables refining to define a list of activities implementing exploitation. The sequence consists of the following items: Identification of exploitable results Every identified project outcome is rated to check its eligibility for exploitation: resulting items are listed and classified by means of typology (product, process, method, data etc.) to understand the ways in which they can be shared, delivered and accessed. For each result, the level of protection is defined, although it can be specialized during next steps of analysis, to allow IPR to be different for the various involved stakeholders. Results are also given a priority that represents their importance among the exploitation activities. Identification of stakeholders Exploitable results are associated with the groups of stakeholders identified by the project (education, technical developers, industries, public communities, authorities, policy makers, etc.). The match between the results and groups of stakeholders identifies different sets of results: this step of the exploitation definition process considers the opportunity to group them in subsets to handle them together or because of their dependencies. Therefore, exploitation deals with these collections of bundles with common features: specific purpose: the common aim of the result set type of business: the area of activity of the stakeholders that can be addressed required resources: elements needed to make the bundle sustainable Association with actions This is the conclusion of each cycle of the process. The purpose is to establish the concrete activities that implement exploitation. The actions are defined in relation to the results of the previous steps concerning stakeholders and bundles: each exploitable result is associated with one or more bundles related to a set or a single stakeholder group. The actions are grouped in a set of focuses that depict specific areas of activities: technology development, knowledge building, educational training, standards development, services development, IPR protection, policy making etc. As in the preceding steps, the definition of these actions can be refined and updated during the life of the project. 1.2 Exploitable Results To identify the exploitable results of each partner and the current state of these results a table was constructed with these results, the state of this results and the possible audience.ÂÂ   The results are presented in Table 2.1 collects the exploitable results identified by the partners at this stage of the project (Month 12). The description of each result is based on partners contribution and should be considered from a preliminary perspective to draft the initial version of the Exploitation Report. Next versions of this report will include further description of each result if required. Table 1: Exploitable results of COMPINNOVA and their state up to month 12 A/A Exploitable Result Description Classification Involved Partners Stakeholders Actions M6-M12 1 Bulk catalyst development Process and product SUN Scientific community, powder material industries, investors Experiments, evidence of proper bulk pellet catalyst development 2 Thin film catalyst development Process and product NTUA Scientific community, powder material industries, investors Experiments, evidence of proper thin film catalyst development 3 Use of the Lorentz force activation for redox process Process and method NTUA Scientific community, powder material industries, investors Experiments, first evidence of activation of surfaces and redox process 4 Integrated bench plant for hydrogen production Process and system NTUA Scientific community, energy producers and users, industries, Governments, investors Initial evidence of hydrogen production, initial market analysis, initial contacts with Public Power Corporation (Greece) 5 Integrated bench plant for hydrocarbon production Process and system SUN Scientific community, energy producers and users, industries, Governments, investors Experiments, initial contacts with ENEA (Italy) 6 Multiscale modeling and explanation of the process of hydrogen production Simulation and modeling IPSAS Scientific community Qualitative analysis of the electro-magneto-chemical process 7 Powder manufacturing as precursor for catalyst manufacturing Process and product NTUA Scientific community, powder material industries, investors Experiments, publication of the method for powder production (see 2nd dissemination report) 1.3 Exploitation Management EXIS acts as Exploitation Manager heading the Exploitation Committee (EC) with representatives from NTUA, SUN, CRANFIELD, FU SAV. The Exploitation Committee supervises the management of IPR and coordinates the definition of the exploitation plan. Specifically, the HELENIC-REF EC shall: Coordinate and implement exploitation activities; Propose IPR and exploitation strategies and (eventual) associated updates to the Consortium Agreement (CA); Contribute to proper exploitation of the results by supporting all Partners Monitor the use of resources for exploitation issues. The Exploitation Activities are in close relation with Dissemination Activities (as they are -or will be- presented in Deliverables D4.14-D4.18) in order to achieve a sustained impact. The approach of HELENIC-REF for achieving a sustained impact is presented in the following Figure 2.2. Figure 2.2: HELENIC-REF approach for sustained impact 1.4 IPR Management The management of IPR is strictly ruled by the Consortium Agreement (CA) which includes all provisions related to the management of IPR including ownership, protection and publication of knowledge, access rights to knowledge and pre-existing know-how as well as questions of confidentiality, liability and dispute settlement. In the CA, the Partners have identified the background knowledge included and excluded. The CA regulates the ownership of results (Section 8 of the CA) The knowledge acquired during the project shall be considered as a property of the contractor generating it, and in this sense the originator is entitled to use and to license such right without any financial compensation to the other contributors. If the features of a joint invention are such that it is not possible to separate them, the contributors could agree that they may jointly apply to obtain and/or maintain the relevant rights and shall make effort to reach appropriate agreements to do so. The CA also regulates the transfer of results ownership (Section 8.2 of the CA) Each Signatory Party may transfer ownership of its own Foreground following the procedures of the Grant Agreement Article 30. Each Signatory Party may identify specific third parties it intends to transfer the ownership of its Foreground to in Attachment (3) to the CA. The other Signatory Parties hereby waive their right to prior notice and their right to object a transfer to listed third parties per the Grant Agreement Article 30.1 The transferring Party shall, however, at the time of the transfer, inform the other Parties of such transfer and shall ensure that the rights of the other Parties will not be affected by such transfer. Any addition after the signature of the CA requires a decision of the Project Steering Committee (PSC). Status of IPR (M12) As the project reaches its first year, the results from the ongoing research about proving the ability of Hydrogen production and the reduction of water with Lorentz forces are promising. The results once fully verified, can subject to publications or even patents. The project may deliver additional results by the end of the project that the partnership may wish to exploit. In this case the Consortium (headed by the Exploitation Manager) will discuss use of such results on a case-by-case basis. For the management of knowledge, the consortium and the Exploitation Manager are regularly monitor and evaluate possibilities of IPR. The consortium has already defined future activities to discuss and evaluate raising questions. According to the initial plan, at the next general meetings these discussions will take place. At all upcoming meetings as session will be devoted to IPR and exploitation issues to further specify the plans of the consortium. Any third parties that may involve in exploitation will sign a non-disclosure agreement.

The 1886 Mount Tarawera Eruption :: volcano, Mount Tarawera

In this essay I will tell you about the 1886 Tarawera Eruption. More specifically I will tell you about the effects the 1886 eruption had on the natural environment and ton the local communities of the region. 10th of June 1886, soon after midnight. Mt Tarawera light up like fireworks. BOOM! Molten rock came flying out of the crater, with a cloud of ash rising 9.5km into the sky. People as far as Blenheim could hear the thunder like noises but had no idea what it could be. Although the people of Rotorua knew exactly what was happening Mount Tarawera was erupting! The Mt. Tarawera eruption was the largest eruption in New Zealand for 800 years. Before the eruption, many people claimed to see a ghostly canoe on Lake Rotomahana. Maori say it was warning them that death is coming. The lake temperatures were also changing as well as more waves. Sadly nobody linked those back to Mt. Tarawera. The eruption caused the land to dramatically change. In my mind I think the biggest loss would have to be the pink and white terraces. The loss of pink and white terraces was a huge blow to New Zealand's tourist industry. People around the world came to bathe in these marvels which covered a 3 ha (hectares) area and descending 30 metres, they were massive. The pink and white terraces were about to be named one of the seven wonders of the world. No tourists would want to come and see the ash over the terraces. Millions of dollars lost. After the eruption, the region of Tarawera was covered by infertile ash. The eruption layered the volcanic ash which is very poor in nutrients. This meant that the people could no longer grow their food or graze animals. Maori used to call the central North Island â€Å"Kaingaora† Meaning Lean and hungry land. The native bushes and scrub land close to Tarawera's eruption was burnt and a lot of vegetation have never recovered. This resulted in another source of food and building materials was destroyed, making it an even harder area to live in. For one village, Te Wairoa, was covered in ash. This meant that the people had to move and start a new village and life. Around Tarawera the lakes and rivers became heavily polluted with ash.

Judaism religion and practices Essay

Judaism is a religion that is practiced mostly by the residents of the Jewish country, all followers of Judaism whether they are born in the Jewish country or not are called Jews. Judaism is the Jews monotheistic religion which traces its genesis to Abraham, its ethical and spiritual principles are engulfed mainly in the Talmud and the scriptures of the Hebrews. This religion is mostly characterized with the traditional rites and ceremonies of the Jewish people and religion. Its practices are also deeply rooted in the religious, social, and cultural practices of the Jewish people who consider themselves as one community or people (Steinberg, 1965). Judaism religion and practices Judaism is based on the premises of monotheism, the belief of a special covenant with the almighty God that makes the Jews to claim that they are the God’s chosen people. It is also based on the territorial and ethnic identity, whereby the territory of the Jews is known as the Promised Land. This religion has specific laws and practices. The origin of Judaism finds its roots either from the formulation of monotheism by Moses or God’s covenant with Abraham, the religion recognizes that the laws attributed to Moses incorporated the Pentateuch. However, the political part of Judaism is much related to King David, the king who had Judah as his capital and who planned the Jerusalem temple, which was later built by Solomon who was his son. During the period of the Jewish captivity in Babylon the Judaism religion was much consolidated, the Mosaic was also written during this period (Grabbe, 2000). The Jews believe that the difference between civil and divine law is not clear at all. They believe that the supreme power comes from God and thus the command of God is law, whether it is civil or religious. The Mosaic Law dates back to the 5th BC. This law was then interpreted by Midrash and the Talmud. The Talmud incorporates civil and religious laws that are not in the Torah as proper and thus goes ahead to explain them (Steinberg, 1965). The Jews firmly believe that they are the God’s chosen people who have the duty of shedding light to all other nations around the world. God made a covenant with the Jews through Abraham and later renewed the same covenant with Moses, Isaac and Jacob. The worship of Yahweh was mainly centralized in Jerusalem ever since the time of King David. The demolition of the 1st Jerusalem temple by the people of Babylon which was later followed by the Jews exile ushered in a new hope of national reinstallation under messiah leadership. The Persians later freed them from exile, but the rebellion failed against the Romans made the second temple to be destroyed and the subsequent dispersal of the Jews around the world (Grabbe, 2000). Judaism religion emerged to substitute the practices and beliefs linked with the Jerusalem temple, this was mainly because the Jews carried with them their religion and culture through their strict observance and via a scholarship of tradition. The greatest part of the commentaries and oral law were written down by the Mishna and Talmud. Judaism religion continued despite that it experienced very harsh persecutions by several nations around the world (Steinberg, 1965). The Judaism religion regards itself as a widespread religion; this is due to the fact that it views is laws to be appropriate for all mankind. It has a distinction between the non Jews and the Jews. The traditional Judaism requires all the Jews to follow all the commandments found in the Bible. On the other hand the non Jews should only follow seven laws out of the six hundred and thirteen laws. These seven laws demand that everyone whether a Jew or a non Jew to believe in only one God, they forbid murder, blasphemy, sexual immorality and theft. They also prevent anyone from feeding on a living creature’s limb. The seven laws also mandate the setting up of law courts. The Jews believe that, a non Jew who follows all the seven laws to be righteous, and is therefore, just like a Jew who follows all the six hundred and thirteen laws that are upon him (Fine, 2001). The fundamental orientation of Judaism is practical. It has no body of doctrine that is officially recognized, but it has various beliefs that are quite essential to all the Jews. The Jewish belief is rooted in the Jewish law and not in any systematic Theology. The issue about punishment and reward in life after death is a new development in this religion. Pre occupation and asceticism with life after death are discouraged. Redemption is obtained via good conduct and not through faith. Judaism believes that everyone has a duty to contribute towards perfecting this world (Steinberg, 1965). The practice of this religion of Judaism has never been restricted to only the people who were born of the Jewish community. However, the attitudes towards one being converted to Judaism have varied significantly in various localities and periods. It has always been doable for the non Jews to join Judaism. In fact, some of the greatest individuals of Judaism were either people who had been converted into Judaism or their descendants. A good example is King David; he was one of Ruth’s descendants. Since people hood and religion are quite inseparable in the religion of Judaism, acceptance of the beliefs of Judaism makes one to eventually become one of the Jewish people (Grabbe, 2000). Judaism emphasizes that each and every Jew should be responsible for the other and they should therefore live like one big community, this has made the Jews to develop a great sense of unity. No Jew should look at another Jew nonchalantly when he or she is suffering. They are required to do all that is possible to make sure that they alleviate such Jews from the suffering they are going through. Hebrew does not have charity, but it uses tsedakah which means justice. It means that it is only proper and just for those Jews who are blessed with more to share them with the less fortunate Jews in the society. The Jews mutual responsibility for each other stretches to include even violation of law cases: if a Jew finds another Jew violating the law, he or she is supposed to rebuke the Jew who is violating the law (Fine, 2001). Judaism religion also emphasizes on the need to elevate profane to the holiness state. Thus, most of what would have been considered ordinary includes ritual components which are intended to sanctify. For example, while eating there has to be benedictions before starting to eat the food and after eating it. This makes the table to be similar to the altar. Judaism has a lot of laws which are meant to regulate the daily life of the Jews; the aim of this regulation is to modify the actions of man into God’s service. Judaism also regards the restrictions of Torah myriad upon the conduct of a Jew as ones that elevates him. It views the uncontrolled expression of mankind’s appetite similar to that of the animals and the control measures placed upon mankind serves him by raising him higher. Thus, before a Jew eats any food, he has to first consider whether the food in question meets all the dietary law requirements. If it fails in any then he cannot proceed to eat it as he will consider doing so as violating the law (Fine, 2001). Asceticism is not considered as a virtue in Judaism. The Midrash provides that when everyone accounts for herself or him self following his or her death, such a person has to account for all the allowed pleasures of the world which he restricted himself from doing while on earth (Grabbe, 2000). Conclusion Judaism religion is mainly found in among the people of the Jewish nation but has never been restricted among these people only as it also accepts people from other origins to join them and thus practice the doctrines of the religion. The Jews, who are the members of Judaism, consider themselves to be the people who have been chosen by God and thus all other tribes in the world should follow them. The laws of the Jews, according to Judaism are applicable in all circumstances to all nations around the world which makes the Jews to claim that their religion is universal. Reference: Fine, L. (2001): Judaism in practice: from the middle Ages through the early modern period; ISBN 0691057877, Princeton University Press. Grabbe, L. L. (2000): Judaic Religion in the Second Temple Period: Belief and Practice from the Exile to Yavneh; ISBN 0415212502, Routledge. Steinberg, M. (1965): Basic Judaism; ISBN 0156106981, Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich.

Canadian Briefing Note (LCBO) Essay

1. Introduction The Liquor Control Board of Ontario (LCBO) is a Crown Corporation established in 1927. It operates nearly 600 stores across the province and has a monopoly on the sale of spirits in Ontario.1 LCBO generated nearly $2.9 billion annually for the people of Ontario – including $2 billion in taxes and another $900 million in profits each year, making it the second largest government liquor distributor in the world.2 The former Tories planed to sell the board’s revenue stream while retaining actual ownership. Now, Dalton McGuinty’s Liberals was handing out a workbook to focus groups it had convened, saying that the 600 stores could be sold as franchises. There’s something about the prospect of a $5.6-billion deficit that has encouraged the government to obtain funds from selling its prime asset. However, the Ontario Liquor Board Employees’ Union has been running a successful campaign against privatizing the LCBO, and at same time, National Union of Public and General Employees threw its full support behind a campaign to stop government of from privatizing the phenomenally-profitable Liquor Control Board of Ontario. Should LCBO be privatized now? In this report, first of all, the importance of the issue is discussed, then a detailed analysis of the interests among government, business and public is presented, finally I will draw the conclusion and make a few of recommendations for privatization of LCBO. 2. Importance of the Issue 2.1. Revenue The LCBO is a highly profitable business owned by the government of Ontario. It is also a significant component of the economy of the province. It generates $2.9 billion a year in taxes and profits. The LCBO also contributes to the economy of Ontario in salaries, rents, and the purchase of various goods and services. This sum of money has a multiplier effect on the provincial economy, larger than the original amount injected into the economy. 3 2.2. Pricing and Marketing The LCBO carries a very wide selection of quality-tested products throughout the province at uniform prices. The liquor control boards can, as single buyers, bargain for lower prices and greater special discounts from suppliers and carriers. The privately-owned outlets are fragmented and multiply rapidly and are therefore not centralized in their operations and distribution network. Privately-owned retail outlets also require higher rates of return on their capital costs than control boards, and these higher costs, among others, lead to higher alcohol prices under privatization. 2.3. Employment The LCBO is a progressive employer of a committed and customer oriented workforce who are classified as permanent (amount 3362) and casual, and full-time and part-time.4 LCBO privatization means the laying off of LCBO employees that will lead to huge losses to the treasury and economy of Ontario. Thus the union struggles to organize campaign against the privatization. 2.4. Society Influence Privatizing the LCBO would likely lead to increased access to alcohol, increased consumption and therefore more alcohol-related costs. The significant potential consequences of the privatization of alcohol monopolies include: increased overall population consumption; increased sales to under-aged and intoxicated patrons; increased problems with monitoring and enforcement. 3. Analysis of Privatization 3.1. Government From the aspect of government, it is a current trend that government should not put more intervention in business. Tory said in throne speech: â€Å"The government will sell businesses it should not operate and assets it should not own.† 5 Thus it is reasonable that the former and current minister planned to sell off or partly sell the LCBO. Another reason for privatization may attribute to fiscal deficit, because ministers want to cut its deficit during their terms. The sale of LCBO will obviously resolve its financial problem in short term. However, if we consider it as a financial decision in the long term, it may not be a good choice. Because LCBO is running very well now, it brings an annual dividend of $975 million to government or people of Ontario in 2002-03.6 3.2. Business Many private investors would prefer to buy the franchise of LCBO or directly buy its retail shop. Because LCBO has already established its stable customer base, and have its brand recognizing advantage, it will be a little easy to develop their business in such situation. But due to limit of small scale, its operating cost would be higher than the LCBO, this may lead to high sale price of liquor. And at same reason, it may not control the quality of product as LCBO does. Until now, too many small towns didn’t get LCBO service because they couldn’t support the overhead of a full-sized LCBO store. Sterling, the former minister of consumer and business services, told reporters. â€Å"With our go-ahead to offer franchises to existing retailers in very small markets, we’ll improve service for residents and visitors, while preserving the LCBO’s social responsibility standards.† 5 3.3. Public Most people are satisfied the LCBO’s product and service, and support the board control. Alcohol is special commodity, thus government intervention is needed at this situation, even though LCBO has monopoly status in Ontario area. All LCBO retail employees are trained to Challenge and Refuse service to anyone who appears underage and cannot provide valid ID or appears intoxicated. Last year, LCBO frontline staff challenged 1.2 million would-be customers and refused service to nearly 70,000, about two-thirds of whom appeared underage and could not provide valid ID.7 It is difficult to imagine what will happen if all these retail shops are sold to private investors, they may consider more on their own economic benefit and neglect social liability. Increased alcohol problems such as sale to under-aged and intoxicated patron are very likely happen. 4. Recommendation and Conclusion The privatization of LCBO is a complicated issue, because we should consider the relationship and interests among government, business, and public. On one hand, normally government should not act as a policy decision maker and business operator at same time, which will easily lead to monopoly and against good faith.8 On another hand, we have to consider that alcohol is special commodity, which should be effectively controlled by government based on public interest. Therefore my suggestion is to partly privatize LCBO, it will decrease business monopoly in the market, but government could still occupy large part of share, so it can effectively regulate the operation of business. There are many methods of privatization, and some ideas had been mentioned by government in LCBO history, such as franchise store in rural area, merge with Beer Store, and income trust. The main concern is to find an appropriate way to balance the interests of all parties, and make the privatization go smoothly during a period, not suddenly hit some party’s interests, and untimely be accepted by all groups. In order to achieve this goal, the LCBO and ministry must be more transparent in their decision-making, and more open to consideration of public health interests. From this point of view, government could organize a board which has enough members from different stakeholders, such as employees of LCBO, representative of Ontario citizen, expert of public health and safety, economists, private investor and government officer. They could regularly meet together to discuss the possible method of privatization and collect all kinds of opinion and feedback from society. Although this method may spend more time during policy-decision process, only when the issue is thoroughly discussed and known by public, the rational policy could be made to reflect all party’s interest and untimely encounter less resistance while it is applied. Endnotes: 1. LCBO, â€Å"Business Information†, http://www.lcbo.com/aboutlcbo/businessinformation.shtml (accessed 16 October 2004). 2. LCBO Annual Report 2003, 44, http://www.lcbo.com/aboutlcbo/annualreport2003.shtml(accessed 17 October 2004). 3. Ontario Liquor Boards Employee’s Union, â€Å"LCBO Revenues†, http://www.ourlcbo.com/revenues.htm (accessed 18 October 2004). 4. LCBO Annual Report 2003, 44, http://www.lcbo.com/aboutlcbo/annualreport2003.shtml (accessed 18 October 2004). 5. The National Union of Public and General Employees, â€Å"Ontario opening 150 private rural liquor outlets†, http://www.nupge.ca/news_2001/news_se01/n26se01a.htm (accessed 19 October 2004). 6. LCBO Annual Report 2003, 11, http://www.lcbo.com/aboutlcbo/annualreport2003.shtml (accessed 19 October 2004). 7. LCBO, â€Å"Today’s LCBO†, http://www.lcbo.com/aboutlcbo/todayslcbo.shtml#social (accessed 20 October 2004). 8. Glen E. Randall & David S. Barrows, Business P700 Lecture (McMaster University, 15 October 2004). Bibliography: 1. Daniel Girard. â€Å"Liquor stores could still be up for sale, Harris says†. The Toronto Star, 27 May 1999. 2. Ian Urquhart. â€Å"McGuinty puts controversial Tory ideas into play†. The Toronto Star, 2 Oct. 2004. 3. Nuri T. Jazairi. â€Å"The Impact of Privatizing the Liquor Control Board of Ontario†. http://www.yorku.ca/nuri/lcbo.htm (accessed 18 October 2004). 4. Robert Benzie. â€Å"Eves talked of selling LCBO, insiders say†. The Toronto Star, 31 Oct. 2003. 5. Robert Benzie. â€Å"Eves sought list of assets to be sold†. The Toronto Star, 2 November 2003.